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Yadav, et al.

Figure 2. Sewage outflow from the factories (drainage sites)

Table 1. Global Positioning System locations of sampling points and site descriptions
Sites Latitude Longitude Elevation Site description Population Human
(m) pressure influence
Iron factory 27°37’55.7’’ 084°26’05.6’’ 182 Near buffer zone Less populated Minimal human
activities
Royal Paint factory 27°39’09.7’’ 084°26’55.5’’ 121 Near buffer zone Moderately Limited human
populated activities
Coca-Cola factory 27°39’36.9’’ 084°27’08.9’’ 196 North of East– Densely High human
West Highway populated activities

The water samples were collected in February was conducted within 24 h, and chemical parameters
2024, before the onset of the monsoon season. On-site were analyzed within 7 days. Instruments, such as
measurements included temperature, pH, dissolved pH meters and spectrophotometers were calibrated
oxygen, conductivity, and other basic parameters. daily. In addition, 10% of the samples were tested in
Samples for additional analyses were collected in clean, duplicates to ensure precision, maintaining a relative
sterile plastic bottles, transferred, and stored under standard deviation of <5%. Rigorous quality assurance/
refrigeration. Before collection, bottles were first rinsed quality control measures were implemented throughout
with distilled water. Groundwater was then collected the study. The collection, preservation, and analysis of
directly into these bottles from the sampling sites. The groundwater samples followed the standard procedures
bottles were properly labeled and sealed with both inner established by the APHA. 7,53-56
and outer cover caps to prevent contamination and air The selection of parameters was based on their
ingress. The samples were subsequently transported to relative importance in evaluating groundwater pollution
the SMC laboratory and stored in a refrigerator until potential. The following criteria guided the selection
43
analysis was carried out using standardized procedures of groundwater quality parameters:
and calibrated instruments. To preserve the samples
for chemical analysis, they were stored at 4°C in pre- 2.3.1.1. The WzHO/NDWQS regulatory criteria, along with
cleaned plastic bottles with nitric acid (pH <2) to prevent health relevance
metal adsorption, following American Public Health As the study focuses on the drinking water quality,
Association (APHA) guidelines. Microbial analysis parameters were selected based on their direct or

Volume 22 Issue 6 (2025) 146 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025120083