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Vardhini and Nakka

and works on the general execution of the framework. 2.1. Goal function
The microgrid EM framework is displayed in Figure 1, 2.1.1. Measures for cost-saving
which shows its setup. The wind turbine (WT) and Several components increase the total annual cost of
photovoltaic system (PV) are the portion of the sources electricity produced by a microgrid. They include the
that are recommended for the microgrid plan. annual energy loss cost (R ), the expenditure associated
loss

Figure 1. Configuration of microgrid smart energy management system (SEMS)
Abbreviations: BESS: Battery energy storage system; PV: Photovoltaic;
ZOA: Zebra Optimization Algorithm.

Volume 22 Issue 1 (2025) 124 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025050030