Page 131 - {PDF Title}

Efficient energy management in microgrid

with transporting electricity from the electric substation of buses in the grid, and V is the voltage of the n-th bus.
n
(R Grid ), the costs of the PV units (R ), WTs (R ), battery This is can be achieved by minimizing voltage level
WT
PV
ESS (BESS) unit (R BESS ), and H2 fuel unit (R ). The variations, which will enhance the system’s overall
FC
above-mentioned components together account for the dependability and efficiency. 26
total cost associated with EM. The total cost function 24 N
25
scenarios are expressed by Equation I. ∑ VD = ∑ k =1 ∑ m =1 (V n − ) 1 (VII)
R = min (R + R Grid + R + R + R BESS + R ) (I) 2.1.3. Voltage stability improvement
loss
PV
FC
WT
Equation I is rearranged as The third goal function emphasizes raising the voltage
stability index (vsi) to its maximum value in order to
24
×
R loss = 365 ×δ loss ∑ p loss k () (II) enhance stability. This index serves as a metric to assess
k=1 and improve the system’s overall voltage stability, 27-29
making it possible for the system to function more
24
R Grid = 365 ×δ Grid ∑ p Grid k () (III) dependably and robustly across a range of operating
×
conditions.
k=1
Vsi =
2
I
i ( 4
OM
R PV = R PV + R PV ,   vsi = V i 4 − pX ij, − qR ) − 4( pX ij, + qR ) V i 2
i
i
i
i j,

i j,
R PV = cf ×δ PV × p rPV  (IV) (VIII)
I

,

N
OM
R OM = δ PV ∑ 24 p PV k () ∑ vsi = ∑ ∑ vsi (IX)
×
24
,
,

PV
k=1
k=1 m=1 m
I
OM
R WT = R WT + R WT ,   In Equations VIII and IX, the symbol R is the

i,j
I
R WT = cf ×δ WT × p rWT  (V) existing resistance of the transmission line between the

,
buses i and j. The code X , indicates the transmission

i,j
OM
×
R OM = δ WT ∑ 24 p k () line’s reactance between buses i and j. At bus i, injective
,
,
WT
k=1 WT 
active power is represented by the symbol p . The
i
symbol q stands for power injection at bus i.
ψ ×+ψ(1 ) np PV WT DG BESSFC, , , , i
cf = PV WT DG BFC, , ,, (VI) 2.2. Constraints of the proposed energy system
(1 +ψ PV WT DG BFC ) ) np PV ,WT ,DG ,BESS ,FC −1 2.2.1. Limitations of inequalities
,
,,
,
The inequality limitations of the proposed system
In Equations I to VI, the cost of obtaining electricity vary from minimum to maximum of voltage, current,
from the grid is represented by δGrid, and the cost of and power. The associated equation for the inequality
energy loss is represented by δO. The costs for limitations is given by Equations X to XIII.
maintaining and operating the PV unit and WTs are
OM,
OM,
indicated by δ PV and δ WT , respectively. The PV V min ″ V ″ n V max (X)
system and WTs installation costs are represented by
n
I
I
R PV and R WT , respectively, and are expressed in ₹/kW. p + p wr ∑ p (XI)
≤
The ψ PV, WT represents the combined installed costs of the sr i=1 Di,
PV system and the WTs. np PV, WT is the equivalent portion
of time that a PV system or WTs operates at full output pf min ″ pf ″ pf max (XII)
capacity, and cf stands for the capital recovery factor.
I ≤ I max, y ; y = , , .....12 3 T (XIII)
y
2.1.2. Enhancement of voltage profile
The system’s performance would be enhanced by the T N
+
=
decrease in voltage fluctuations. N is the total number p + p PV + p WT ∑ i=1 p lossi ∑ i=1 P Di, (XIV)
s
,
Volume 22 Issue 1 (2025) 125 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025050030