Page 132 - {PDF Title}

Vardhini and Nakka

=
+
q + q PV + q WT ∑ T q lossi ∑ N q Di , (XV) (Stage 3) (XVII)
s
,
k
i=1
i=1
 k  2 R sin( 2π R ×( WR Z− ) + WR ifR < 05 .;
)
;

s
5
6
4
In Equation XV, the p and q are active and reactive Z =  R ×) (( WR Z ) +WR otherwise
s
k
s
s
powers, respectively.  2 R cos( 2π 5 − s ;

4
  k  k
3. Proposed ZOA Z k =  f s < f s k
 Z s ,
s
k
 Zotherwise
;
Flowchart of ZOA algorithm is shown in Figure 2.  s
The ZOA is used primarily to optimize REEM in R ==− ×  1 
1 t
microgrids. This strategy minimizes costs and reliance 5   
 T
on fossil fuels, thereby minimizing greenhouse gas (Stage 4) (XVIII)
emissions. ZOA does this by dynamically adjusting
energy production, distribution, and consumption. To Z ={ k k < k ∀ j Nε
k
j
improve the microgrid resilience and scalability across s Z , ifF Z( j ) F Z( s ); k
a variety of configurations, ZOA can adapt to changing (Stage 5) (XIX)
circumstances. The findings of the simulation suggest In the described scenario, Z and Z denote the
k
k
that ZOA is more effective than other algorithms positions of the stallion and the j zebra within the k group,
j
S
th
th
already in use, making it a potentially useful answer respectively. N represents the total number of members in
to a wide range of situations involving EM. The life the k group. R is uniformly distributed random values
k
th
cycle of American zebras unfolds through five distinct ranging from −2 to 2, influencing the feeding behavior
1
stages. These stages include the formation of random of zebras at various angles around the group leader.
zebra groups, feeding activity among American R represents an adaptive parameter computed using
zebras, breeding behavior, the establishment of group Equation XVI. R is a random value uniformly distributed
2
leadership, and the subsequent stage of leadership between 0 and 1. The functions sin and cos aid in the
3
transition involving the selection of a new leader. The movement of other members at multiple angles around
mathematical representation of these stages is defined the family leader. Z represents the updated position
k
as Equation XVI. 30 of the j member during feeding, with F indicating its
j
th
k
j
corresponding fitness value. Furthermore, Z represents
a
j
th
b
k
 2 R sin( 2π R × Z − Z ) + ZifR < 05 . the position of a baby zebra from the j group, Z denotes
k
k
)(
;
k
c
th

 k  1 2 s j s 3 the position of zebra b from the j group, Z represents the
iN
Z j = ∀ ε k position of zebra l from the l group, and Z and Z are the
l

th
q
q
 k k k th th k l
  2 R cos( 2π R ×((Z − Z j ) Zotherwise+ s ; positions of zebras q in the k and l groups, respectively.
)
s
2
1
4
  k  k k R is a uniformly distributed random number between −2
and 2, while R signifies an adaptive parameter calculated

5
k
j
Z =  Z j ; f < f j using Equation XIX. R is another uniformly distributed
j
6
 Zotherwiise random number ranging from 0 to 1; WR represents the
k
 j ;
water reserves; Z denotes the current position of the
k
s
1
t
th
k
R =− ×() leading stallion in the j group, while Z represents its
1
2 T k s
next position, with F representing its fitness value.
s
(Stage 1 and Stage 2) (XVI)
4. Simulation results
j (
q
b
a
Z = Crossover ZZ ) ; ifr < pc j ≠, k The goal of this paper’s proposed ZOA for microgrid
,
k
j
REEM is to minimize the capacity of distributed
j (
a
q
c
l
Z = Crossover ZZ ) ; ifrr ≥ pcj ≠ generators powered by PV, WT, BESS, and H fuel cell.
,
,
2
k
k
∀ ,, ε The application considers scenarios with and without
jk lN
uncertainty. In this work, a comparison is made between
Volume 22 Issue 1 (2025) 126 doi: 10.36922/AJWEP025050030