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Advanced Neurology Restless legs syndrome in end-stage renal disease patients

Table 2. Prevalence rate of RLS in maintenance hemodialysis patients from other studies
Study Country Prevalence rate (%) Study Country Prevalence rate (%)
Xiao et al. 2017 , China 14.5%, Soumeila et al. 2015 [36] Maroc 41.7%
[1]
Lin et al. 2013 (Taiwan) [18] 25.3%
Jaber et al. 2011 , USA 15.6%, Wali et al. 2015 [37] Saudi Arabia 19.4%
[19]
Stefanidis et al. 2015 , 40%
[35]
Tuncel et al. 2011 , Turkey 12%, Merlino et al. 2012 , Italy 19%,
[28]
[30]
Demircioglu et al. 2015 , 15.6%, La Manna et al. 2011 , 31%,
[31]
[38]
Örsal et al. 2017 , 15.9%, Pizza et al. 2012 , 32%,
[32]
[39]
Kaya et al. 2015 , 41.53%, Baiardi et al. 2017 [41] 36.7%
[44]
Dikici et al. 2014 [53] 45.9%
Esteve et al. 2017 [40] España 21.21% Lee et al. 2013 [33] Canada 26%
Cengić et al. 2012 [29] Bosnia and Herzegovina 20.5% Salman et al. 2011 [34] Allepo, Syria 20.3%
Neves et al. 2017 [43] Brazil 28.7% Rohani et al. 2015 [46] Iran 37.4%
Higuchi et al. 2015 [45] Japan 22% Beladi-Mousavi et al. 2015 , IR Iran 15.8%,
[47]
Chavoshi et al. 2015 [48] 31.7%
Bathla et al. 2016 [50] India 5.2% De Santo et al. 2010 [52] Egypt 42%
Giannaki et al. 2017 [49] Cyprus 27.06% Stefanidis et al. 2013 [51] Greece 26.6%
discovered apparent genetic risk variations replicated in needed to determine the link between PTH and RLS in
23 genomic locations . Furthermore, a study showed ESRD patients [19,20] .
[11]
that heritability contributed to RLS with common Other risk factors for RLS include marital status,
genetic variations amounting to 19.6% (single-nucleotide educational level, work status, dialysis type, dialysis
polymorphism [SNP]-based heritability), indicating the frequency, and history of renal transplantation. However,
importance of these variants in RLS susceptibility . In we did not examine if there were any significant variations
[12]
terms of etiological insights, numerous mechanisms, in these potential risk variables in the current subject
such as brain iron shortage, dopamine dysregulation,
and hyper-glutamatergic condition, have been found and population. Future research into the effects of these
postulated to play a crucial role in pathophysiologies [13-14] . intervention variables on RLS-positive and RLS-negative
The previous studies have been conducted to determine patients is required. Studies on its relationship with
the risk factors for RLS in patients on maintenance laboratory data produced inconsistent findings. We found
hemodialysis, but the results have been inconsistent, no link between hemoglobin, ferritin levels, and the Kt/V
varied greatly, and have remained contentious. Unlike index in RLS patients. These findings were consistent
[8]
previous reports, we have not found an association of with those of other investigations . Sleep difficulties,
sleep quality index with serum creatinine, serum urea, depression, and polyneuropathy are known to follow these
cystatin-C, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels, which individuals and impact their quality of life, adherence to
might be attributed to the erythropoietin therapy and therapy, and overall health [4,5] . Serum albumin, i-PTH
hemodialysis procedure. The main strengths of this study level, hemoglobin, urea, phosphorus, calcium, Kt/V index,
include the large number of patients studied and the and dialysis time have all been proven to have a significant
comprehensive review process. impact on RLS patients’ quality of life [15,17] . Furthermore,
no correlation was detected between RLS and hematocrit,
In our investigation, we found no change in parathyroid serum sodium, serum potassium, serum magnesium,
hormone (PTH) levels in two groups. The previous research Ca×P product, serum creatinine, BUN, serum albumin,
has shown conflicting outcomes. In a prior study [15,16] , PTH CRP, uric acid, serum β2-MG, or iron metabolism
levels were observed to be lower in ESRD patients with markers.
RLS than in those without RLS. Recent investigations, on
the other hand, have found that PTH is an independent Quality of life dimensions such as SF-36 total score,
risk factor , which is corroborated by the discovery that physical and mental component scores, bodily pain, general
[17]
parathyroidectomy improved RLS in ESRD patients in health perceptions, vitality, role functioning, emotion, and
one study . Nonetheless, several research revealed that maintenance hemodialysis (MH) were significantly linked
[18]
there is no link between PTH and RLS in ESRD patients. with RLS patients in our study. Sleep issues are widespread
As a result, investigations involving larger sample size are in ESRD patients, especially those with RLS, and contribute

Volume 2 Issue 1 (2023) 5 https://doi.org/10.36922/an.210