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Advanced Neurology PVT in Indonesian neurological patients

considering comorbidity where applicable. Detailed Data were collected by trained psychologists and
diagnostic and more demographic characteristics of the psychology graduates, who administered the PVTs
participants are provided in Table 1. Only participants with individually and face-to-face to all participants. Before
no apparent external incentives (e.g., patients not involved administering the PVTs, participants with ND, recruited
in medicolegal proceedings) and without a history of from Alzheimer’s Indonesia, nursing homes, and the
psychiatric disorders were included in the study. halfway house, were screened using the Indonesian
version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE).
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Data collection took place from 2022 to early 2023,
with participants recruited through convenience Only candidates with MMSE scores of 26 or below were
recruited. The MMSE score for the two ND participants
sampling. Participants in the ND group were recruited recruited from the Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital was
from Alzheimer’s Indonesia (a non-profit organization obtained from the hospital. In addition to the ND group,
focused on dementia care and support), several nursing the MMSE was administered to participants in the PS
35
homes in the Greater Jakarta area, and a halfway house for group before the PVTs. The MMSE was administered to the
elderly transgender people in Jakarta. In addition, a small ND and PS groups only. The MMSE was administered first
number of participants were recruited from Dr Cipto (to participants in the ND and PS groups), followed by the
Mangunkusumo Hospital. We had not anticipated DS, TMJPI, and NV-MSVT. All tests were administered in
recruiting only two ND participants from the hospitals. a single session for each participant, with a break provided
Participants in the PS and mixed-etiology groups were upon request. Participants were encouraged to complete
outpatients from the Neurology Department of Dr. Cipto the tests to the best of their ability. Participants received
Mangunkusumo Hospital and Atma Jaya Hospital in research compensation for their participation (e.g., food or
Jakarta. money, depending on the institutions’ requests). After data

2.3. Procedure collection, the test administrators scored the PVTs for each
participant.
This study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki
Declaration. Ethical approval was granted by the Research 2.4. Statistical analysis
Ethics Committee of Atma Jaya Catholic University of The sample size was calculated using an online Sample Size
Indonesia (No: 0032L/III/LPPM-PM.10.05/12/2021), the Calculator (http://wnarifin.github.io), with an expected
Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of specificity of 0.90, a confidence level (1-α) of 0.95, and a
Indonesia—Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (No: KET387a/ precision of 0.10. The prevalence of poor symptom validity
UN2.F1/ETIK/PPM.00.02/2022), and Atma Jaya Hospital was estimated at 0.16, based on a previous meta-analysis
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(No: 133/DIR-e/II/2022). Informed consent was obtained on the prevalence of PVT failure rates in clinical groups.
from the caregivers of participants with ND (i.e., family Participants who dropped out were expected to be replaced
members or nursing home staff), while those in the PS and (with no anticipated dropout). This calculation resulted
mixed-etiology groups provided their own consent. in a minimum required sample size of 42 participants

Table 1. Demographic characteristics and MMSE scores of participants
Parameter ND (n=49) PS (n=42) Mixed‑etiology (n=47) P‑value
Mean age (SD) 69.4 (9.1) 57.0 (12.0) 48.2 (15.5) <0.001 a
Education (%) 0.26 b
No/minimal education 8 (16.3) 3 (7.1) 2 (4.3)
Elementary (6 years) 10 (20.4) 7 (16.7) 6 (12.8)
Secondary (9 – 12 years) 24 (49.0) 27 (64.3) 25 (53.2)
Tertiary (more than 12 years) 7 (14.3) 5 (11.9) 14 (29.8)
Gender (%) 0.26 b
Male 22 (44.9) 16 (38.1) 26 (55.3)
Female 27 (55.1) 26 (61.9) 21 (44.7)
MMSE mean score (SD) 21.7 (3.2) 27.0 (2.6) - <0.001 c
Notes: The statistic was analyzed using ANOVA; The statistic was analyzed using the Chi-square test, The statistic was analyzed using the
c
a
b
Mann–Whitney U‑test.
Abbreviations: MMSE: Mini-mental state examination; ND: Neurocognitive disorder due to possible neurodegenerative disease group; PS: Post-stroke
group.
Volume 4 Issue 2 (2025) 89 doi: 10.36922/an.5661