Page 95 - ARNM-3-1

Advances in Radiotherapy
& Nuclear Medicine Nanomaterials in cancer chemoimmunotherapy

the immunogenic inducer paclitaxel and indoleamine due to their excellent characteristics, including non-
2,3-dixoygenase 1 blocker 1-methyl-D,L-tryptophan. The immunogenicity, good stability, ease of synthesis, ease
polymeric nanocarriers were composed of poly(ethylene of functionalization, inertness, and high drug-loading
glycol) as the hydrophilic segment, with enzyme capacity. In addition, some nanoparticles exhibit
cleavable 1-methyl-D,L-tryptophan ester, and oxidation- remarkable magnetic, thermal, and optical properties,
sensitive phenyl peroxalate ester as hydrophobic blocks. while others can be designed in various sizes, structures,
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The copolymer self-assembles into prodrug-based and geometries, such as nanorods, nanospheres,
nanoparticles, which release paclitaxel in response to nanoshells, and nanostars. Numerous metallic and
intracellular ROS, thereby inducing immunogenic cell inorganic nanoparticles have been studied as nanovectors
death. The generated ROS further promotes nanoparticle for delivering therapeutics to targeted tumor sites in
disassembly and the continued release of paclitaxel, chemoimmunotherapy. For example, gold nanoparticle
enhancing the therapeutic effects. vesicles co-loaded with the immune inhibitor BLZ-
945 and the anticancer drug SN38 were developed for

4.3. Dendrimers chemoimmunotherapy against primary and metastatic
Dendrimers are well-known drug nanocarriers with cancers, incorporating photoacoustic imaging in the
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both hydrophobic and hydrophilic components. They second near-infrared window. The gold nanoparticle
are hyperbranched, spherical polymers that can be easily vesicles were synthesized through the self-assembly
functionalized through surface conjugation and exhibit of nanogapped gold nanoparticles with poly(ethylene
stable structures at all concentrations. Their unique glycol) and poly(SN38-co-4-vinylpyridine). The vesicles
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properties – including hydrophobic or hydrophilic exhibited dual biologically responsive properties, being
cavities in the interior, well-defined structure, size both pH- and redox-sensitive. In another study, a
monodispersity, compact globular shape, numerous multifunctional nanoparticle formulation with an iron
internal cavities, a large number of controllable oxide core was developed as a nanovector for the targeted
“peripheral” functionalities, good versatility, high water and simultaneous co-delivery of the cytotoxic agent
solubility, superior biocompatibility, and high ratio of doxorubicin and TLR3 agonist polyinosinic: polycytidylic
surface groups to molecular volume – make dendrimers acid to both breast cancer and dendritic cells. This
excellent drug delivery vectors. Due to their unique formulation utilized an endoglin-binding peptide
structure and properties, drug molecules can either to target both triple-negative breast cancer cells and
be physically encapsulated in the internal cavities of vasculature endothelium. The nanoparticles induced
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dendrimers through non-covalent interactions or tumor apoptosis through multiple mechanisms, such
chemically conjugated to the peripheral functional groups as direct cancer cell killing and dendritic cell-mediated
through covalent interactions. In addition, the peripheral innate and T cell-mediated adaptive immune responses.
functional groups allow for the attachment of different Recently, black phosphorus nanoparticles were co-loaded
solubilizing groups and targeting moieties on the surface with low-dose doxorubicin and BMS-202 (a PD-L1
in a multivalent fashion. Dendrimeric products such as blocker) for the chemoimmunotherapy of lung cancer.
®
Stratus CS Acute Care Diagnostic System and Starburst Drug release from the composite occurred upon mild
®
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have already been approved by the FDA and are photothermal heating at 40°C. In this system, low-
commercially available for healthcare. Both of these are dose doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and activated
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tectodendrimers, which are superstructured dendrimers the high mobility group box 1/receptor for advanced
with a high-generation core and low-generation shell. glycation end product/nuclear factor kappa light chain
Recently, Song et al. developed pH-sensitive core- enhancer of activated B cells/PD-L1 pathway. The drug-
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shell tectodendrimers for the simultaneous co-delivery loaded composite demonstrated improved cancer cell
of CD47 siRNA and doxorubicin to tumor cells for toxicity and promising synergism in the presence of
synergistic chemoimmunotherapy of breast cancer. The tumor-associated macrophages.
developed nanovector could simultaneously compress
siRNA and physically load doxorubicin with good loading 4.5. Biomimetic nanoparticles
efficacy, and it could rapidly release the drug in the acidic Biomimetic nanoparticles, which are prepared by mixing
tumor microenvironment. or coating biocompatible materials with biomaterials to
mimic the functions of natural structures and processes,
4.4. Metallic and inorganic nanoparticles
can camouflage themselves as autologous components.
Metallic and inorganic nanoparticles have been widely These features allow them to circumvent rapid clearance
utilized as nanocarriers for delivering therapeutics by the immune system, thereby prolonging circulation

Volume 3 Issue 1 (2025) 87 doi: 10.36922/arnm.8150