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Brain & Heart Application of the neural networks surgery

carotid endarterectomy (CEA) was not statistically hubs and interregional connections are the key factors in
significant, but a higher rate of new ischemic lesions maintaining the stability of brain networks and ensuring
was observed in carotid artery stenting-treated patients their plasticity. Studies have described several critical
compared with CEA-treated ones . Another research indicators that can be applied in the prediction of cognitive
[64]
on neuropsychological sequelae prediction following situation, prognosis, and even the cognitive recovery of
treatment with microsurgical clipping or endovascular patients with the central nervous system diseases.
embolization in patients with anterior communicating The prediction of cognitive decline in multiple
artery aneurysm has indicated that microsurgical clipping- sclerosis (MS) patients is usually considered difficult. In
treated patient had significantly more severe cognitive their clinical study, Nauta et al. investigated the role of
deficits . All the above studies are evidence showing magnetoencephalography (MEG) in measuring functional
[12]
that cognitive protection in cerebrovascular diseases has brain network organization to predict cognitive decline
received its due attention and further research and clinical in MS patients; using resting-state MEG recordings,
trials must follow their lead. structural MRI, and neuropsychological assessments,
By reviewing neurological research and clinical trials, they found that the level of functional brain network
we put forward three new strategies for the surgical integration is an independent predictive marker of
treatment of cerebrovascular disease. As hubs and cognitive decline and suggested that MEG may be a
[65]
connectivity are critical components of brain networks, great prediction tool for disease progression in MS .
they play an irreplaceable role in maintaining the stability In a study of AD patients with MCI, Zhang et al. used a
of the global network to preserve human cognitive function proposed highly-available nodes approach to develop a
(Table 2). As the preservation of human cognitive function brain network model based on rest-state fMRI data; they
has gained widespread attention clinically, the concept of successfully constructed a reliable brain network model
neural networks surgery provides us an immense insight and also identified 18 significant regions as hubs. This
into the treatment of cerebrovascular disease. As discussed model can be used to predict cognitive impairment in
above, the protection of network hubs and connectivity AD patients and analyze the topological feature of brain
relates to better cognitive recovery and preserves the networks . Moreover, in a study comprising Parkinson’s
[66]
human central nervous system up to a point of plasticity. disease (PD) patients with MCI (PD-MCI), PD patients
There is an urgent need for new strategies in neurosurgery without MCI (PD-nMCI), and HC, Chen et al. found
to be developed and applied in clinical settings. that all three groups exhibited small-world architecture in
their functional brain networks, and early-stage PD-MCI
4. Impact on the course of the disease patients had decreased clustering coefficient, increased
As aforementioned, brain network stability is vital for characteristic path length, and changed nodal centrality
maintaining cognitive function and is also the basis for in multiple brain functional networks, including the
the plasticity of the central nervous system. Brain network DMN, control network, somatomotor network, and visual
network. The research has not only found the cause of MCI
in PD patients, but also suggested that these key indicators
Table 2. New strategies in cerebrovascular disease treatment
(examples in this review) can be applied for cognitive situation prediction, even for
reflecting prognosis and network plasticity in the central
Treatment strategy First author Disease nervous system diseases .
[7]
Hub protection Buckner [52] AD Most cerebrovascular diseases often begin with
Hub protection Aben [43] Ischemic stroke cognitive impairment or are accompanied by symptoms of
Connectivity protection Lee [58] AD cognitive dysfunction. In a deeper study of brain networks,
Connectivity protection Cuadrado-Godia [59] Cerebral small many scientists focus on the evaluation of cognitive
vessel disease impairment and long-term prognosis of patients with
Connectivity protection Bosnell [60] Stroke cerebrovascular disease.
Connectivity protection Carrera [61] Diaschisis Temporo-occipital junction arteriovenous
Cognitive protection Boukrina [62] Stroke malformations (TOJ-AVMs) certainly do not affect the
Cognitive protection Altinbas [64] CAS eloquent brain cortex; instead, they form beside functional
Cognitive protection Chan [12] Anterior fiber tracts. Jiao et al. have found that lesion-to-eloquent
communicating fiber distance is a significant risk factor related to a dismal
artery aneurysm prognosis in patients with TOJ-AVMs; this indicator could
[67]
AD, Alzheimer’s disease; CAS, carotid artery stenosis. be a significant reminder for surgical performance . In

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2023) 7 https://doi.org/10.36922/bh.v1i1.223