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Brain & Heart Application of the neural networks surgery

In that way, patients may have a better prognosis as a techniques, the variation in the definition of diaschisis has
result of the protection of hubs. been summarized in a review; in contrast to traditional
focal diaschisis, connectional diaschisis is highly
3.2. Protection of brain networks connectivity related to clinical stroke-induced motor and attentional

Along with the extensive exploration of brain networks, network disruption, which causes motor and cognitive
computational analyses have revealed abundant abnormalities; furthermore, the normalization of remote
[61]
characteristics of brain networks , such as clusters of connectivity changes relates to a better recovery .
[4]
brain regions , hierarchical organization , small- Multiple studies have shown that interregional
[54]
[53]
world attributes , distinct functional streams, motifs , connections, similar to hubs, play a key role in maintaining
[56]
[55]
and so on. The physiological basis of these features is cognitive function and improving patients’ prognosis.
the connectivity of brain networks. The development of Maintaining the integrity of brain networks connectivity
noninvasive diffusion tractography imaging (DTI) has has yet to become an additional focus in neurosurgical
revealed the histological basis of brain networks connectivity, intervention for cerebrovascular diseases.
of which the structure involved is the white matter tract.
By analyzing the data collected from DIT, a number of 3.3. Cognitive protection
reviews have divided brain networks connectivity into With the development of treatment means for
three types: association bundles interconnecting ipsilateral cerebrovascular diseases beyond neural function
cortical sites; projection fibers connecting cortical areas protection to satisfy the basic requirements of life,
with subcortical structures; and commissural bundles cognitive protection has been emphasized in surgery.
connecting contralateral hemispheres . As previous According to the localizationist theory, a structural
[3]
studies have provided some insights into the structural correspondence exists between the cognitive function of
basis of brain networks connectivity, combing with clinical the human brain and the cortical regions, indicating that
trials, several relative indicators have been developed to human character, thoughts, and emotions are located in
estimate the connective characteristic, including path specific parts of the brain. For example, the third frontal
length and global efficiency . Furthermore, it has been circumvolution is related to speech articulation, while
[57]
concluded that a change from short-range connection the posterior part of the left temporal gyrus is associated
to long-range connectivity, along with increasing age, with word comprehension. However, recent studies have
and a change in interregional connectivity patterns to proven that human cognitive function is achieved through
form stronger cortico-cortical but weaker subcortical- the interaction of multiple networks in global regions, thus
cortical connections indicate that the completeness of providing a theoretical basis for cognitive protection in
brain networks connectivity is related to their plasticity. neurosurgery . Correspondingly, the deuterogenic neural
[3]
Meanwhile, a reduction in lesions-induced FC affects not networks surgery idea that aims at achieving neural and
only the ipsilateral hemisphere, but also extends to the cognitive function protection by maintaining the stability
contralateral side . All the above evidence emphasizes the of brain networks in neurosurgery has been applied in
[2]
significance of either structural or FC in brain networks.
many clinical trials. Boukrina and Barret have reviewed
Further clinical studies have opened a novel insight studies of post-stroke delirium and spatial neglect,
for us. A total of 26 depressed MCI patients with amyloid concluding that right hemisphere strokes may impair the
accumulation and 27 depressed MCI patients without ascending arousal system and cortical attention networks,
amyloid accumulation were recruited in a study conducted which are composed of ascending projections from the
by Lee et al. to prove that cerebral amyloidopathy can truly midbrain nuclei and integrating dorsal and ventral cortical
affect the brain network topology and may be associated and limbic components, causing spatial neglect and thus
with cognitive symptoms. The result showed a significant lowering the threshold for developing delirium . In a
[62]
correlation between disrupted network connectivity and study of chronic stroke patients, Bonilha et al. observed
patients with amyloid accumulation in brain vessels, which that patients with non-fluent aphasia, who had lesions in
certainly relate to depressed elderly . Another review has superior longitudinal fasciculus and precentral, inferior
[58]
concluded that the disruption of network connectivity is frontal, supramarginal, and insular cortices after stroke,
directly associated with depressive symptoms in cerebral achieved better assisted speech from preserving the pMTG,
small vessel disease patients . Based on 10 stroke inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, and uncinate fasciculus;
[59]
patients and 18 healthy controls (HC), Bosnell et al. have this indicates that the interaction of brain networks plays
found that apart from cognitive function, motor function a vital role in cognitive function maintenance . In a
[63]
disruption is related to the interruption of brain structural study conducted by Altinbas et al., the cognitive difference
connectivity . With the development of imaging in patients who underwent carotid artery stenting and
[60]

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2023) 6 https://doi.org/10.36922/bh.v1i1.223