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Design+

ARTICLE
Capacity design of electric vehicle charging

station based on queuing theory

Hong Zhang * and Feifan Shi 1
1,2
1 Transportation Institute of Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
2 Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Transportation Equipment, Hohhot,
China

Abstract

To increase the utilization rate of charging facilities and promote electric vehicles
(EV), charging infrastructure should be built in a rational manner. The deployment
strategy of public fast-charging stations (CS) determines whether charging demand
can be met efficiently. Early CS planning has achieved some success. In the past,
little is known about the charging behaviors and preferences of EV users, leading to
a lack of relevance in the decisions made for the government-led CS construction.
To address these issues, we used data on charging orders collected from public
fast-CS s in cities for the summer and winter of 2023 to analyze charging user
behavior patterns and build a more realistic model. Using queuing theory, we
analyzed the facility size and operational metrics of public fast-CSs. Based on this,
*Corresponding author: a capacity optimization model for public fast-CS was established to optimize the
Hong Zhang
(zh-hong@imu.edu.cn) facility configuration of CSs by considering two factors: Investment cost and time
cost. The optimal charging equipment configuration scheme for the public fast-CS
Citation: Zhang H, Shi F. Capacity is an 800 kVA charging box variable and 8 charging terminals, and the proposed
design of electric vehicle charging
station based on queuing theory. facility scheme reduces the comprehensive cost by 28.1% and the user’s dwell time
Design+. 2025;2(2):4225. by 41.16%. If more consideration is given to the experience of EV users, the number
doi: 10.36922/dp.4225 of charging terminals can be set to 9.
Received: July 12, 2024
1st revised: July 30, 2024 Keywords: Electric vehicle; Queuing theory; Fast-charging station; Capacity decision
2nd revised: August 6, 2024
3rd revised: August 15, 2024
Accepted: August 21, 2024 1. Introduction
Published online: March 24, 2025 In light of the growing focus on greenhouse gas emissions and climate change,
1
Copyright: © 2025 Author(s). electric vehicles (EVs) have garnered increasing attention. The popularity of EVs as
This is an Open-Access article an alternative mode of transport that no longer relies on fossil fuels has been on the
distributed under the terms 2
of the Creative Commons rise in recent decades. The widespread adoption of EVs has become a pivotal factor
3
AttributionNoncommercial License, in achieving emissions reduction objectives. A number of factors are impeding the
permitting all non-commercial use, advancement of EVs. One of the most significant obstacles is the inconvenience of
distribution, and reproduction in any
4
medium, provided the original work charging. This is a significant deterrent for potential EV users. The lack of charging
is properly cited. infrastructure may directly hinder the promotion of EVs. Thus, there is a pressing need
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Publisher’s Note: AccScience to design and develop charging stations (CS) that can accommodate a diverse range
Publishing remains neutral with of customer classes, distinguished by their varying charging preferences, needs, and
regard to jurisdictional claims in 6
published maps and institutional technological requirements. The establishment of public fast-CSs represents a crucial
affiliations. aspect of EV infrastructure, facilitating the rapid replenishment of energy in urban
Volume 2 Issue 2 (2025) 1 doi: 10.36922/dp.4225