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Design+ Speculative and participatory stakeholder mapping

methods and future-oriented speculations is the pillar of the Investigation: Davide M. Parrilli
project methodology. They are the first milestones of this Methodology: Davide M. Parrilli
research. However, limitations exist due to the use of just one Project administration: Davide M. Parrilli
case study, and further research on the implementation of Writing – original draft: Davide M. Parrilli
the methodology is needed. Additional test cases with more Writing – review & editing: All authors
scenarios in each (in private and government organizations
and in different geographical and cultural contexts) are Ethics approval and consent to participate
planned to validate the milestones presented in this paper. Consent to participate is not required because the research
The research also identifies another area requiring uses data that have been fully anonymized.
further investigation. Speculative design provides
interesting methodologies and tools that can be used Consent for publication
in several projects and scenarios. However, the present Consent for publication is not required because the
practice of speculative design makes it unfit to truly play research uses data that have been fully anonymized.
a role in promoting change within organizations, both
due to its exclusive focus on the relationship between Availability of data
technology and society and its radical, almost sectarian, Data used in the research can be made available to readers
approach to design. The design need not uphold existing on request, subject to privacy restrictions.
power structures, but its primary function should not be
to dismantle them either. Taking a pragmatic, designer References
approach to speculative design can enhance its value and 1. Rittel HW, Webber MM. Dilemmas in a general theory of
make it a more relevant tool for driving change.
planning. Policy Sci. 1973;4(2):155-169.
Finally, future investigations will explore a particular area doi: 10.1007/BF01405730
related to participatory stakeholder identification. Research
in the field of biases and noise in predictions suggests that, 2. Papanek V. Design for the Real World. United Kingdom:
once stakeholders are identified, forecasting their impact in Thames and Hudson; 2019.
terms of value can be better done individually by different 3. Ceschin F, Gaziulusoy İ. Design for Sustainability: A Multi-
team members rather than together, for example, in a Level Framework from Products to Socio-Technical Systems.
workshop. When people make predictions together, there is England: Routledge; 2020.
a real risk that one (or some) member of the team strongly 4. Bijl-Brouwer MVD, Malcolm B. Systemic design principles
influence the other, potentially leading to inaccurate in social innovation: A study of expert practices and design
predictions and conformism-driven consensus. In other rationales. J Design Econ Innovat. 2020;6(3):386-407.
56
words, when a team has to make predictions and the doi: 10.1016/j.sheji.2020.06.001
stakes are high, participatory design methods show serious
limitations. However, the Stakeholder Mapping Cone 5. Tromp N, Hekkert P. Designing for Society: Products and
is designed to be used speculatively both in groups and Services for a Better World. London: Bloomsbury Visual
Arts; 2019.
individually, thus potentially overcoming the limitations of
collective predictions. 6. Aligica PD. Institutional and stakeholder mapping:
Frameworks for policy analysis and institutional change.
Acknowledgments Public Organiz Rev. 2006;6(1):79-90.

None. doi: 10.1007/s11115-006-6833-0
7. Styk K, Bogacz P. A method for stakeholder mapping in
Funding connection with the implementation of a development
None. project. Energies. 2022;15(4):1592.
doi: 10.3390/en15041592
Conflict of interest
8. Freeman RE. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach.
The authors declare they have no competing interests. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2010.
Author contributions 9. Catzín-Tamayo A, Frausto-Martínez O, Arroyo-
Arcos L. Stakeholder mapping and promotion of sustainable
Conceptualization: Davide M. Parrilli development goals in local management. J Environ Stud Sci.
Formal analysis: Davide M. Parrilli 2022;12(3):611-626.

Volume 2 Issue 3 (2025) 12 doi: 10.36922/DP025060011