Page 16 - EER-2-3

Explora: Environment
and Resource Environmental contamination of titanium

Table 3. Titanium (Ti) concentrations and distribution in aquatic environments across countries/regions
Country/region Source/environment Ti forms Mass concentration Particle number References
concentration (particles/L)
Arnhem, Netherlands Ti-based nanoparticles in the TiO in 5.8±5.6 ng/L (1.7±1.2)×10 7 101
2
Nederrijnriver water nanoparticles
Tamsui River basin, TiO nanoparticles in river TiO in 1,040±40.0 – (4.54±0.56 – 47.9±16.3)×10 4 102
2
2
Taiwan water nanoparticles 31,700±600 ng/L
Munich, Germany Ti-based nanoparticles in the TiO in 75.1±11.5 ng/L (1.5±0.2)×10 8 101
2
Isar river water nanoparticles
Le Ti-based nanoparticles in the TiO in 332±56.9 ng/L (1.9±0.3)×10 9 101
2
Chambon-sur-Lignon, Lignon du Velayriver water nanoparticles
France
7
Besòsriver basin, Spain Ti-based nanoparticles in river Ti-based - (2.32 – 29.8) ×10 (mean: 103
water nanoparticles 8.0×10 )
7
Sao Paulo, Brazil Ti-based nanoparticles in the TiO in 2,262±423 ng/L (6.8±1.2)×10 9 101
2
Rio Passo River water nanoparticles
Venice, Italy Ti-based nanoparticles in the TiO in 143±114 ng/L (8.0±1.8)×10 8 101
2
Rio del Gozzi Canal water nanoparticles
Durham, US Ti-based nanoparticles in TiO in 524±255 ng/L (2.9±1.2)×10 9 101
2
stream water nanoparticles
Zhuzhou, China Terrigenous TiO in the TiO in river 7,400–58,700 mg/kg - 104
2
2
Xiangjiang River sediments sediments
Bayannur, China Ti-based nanoparticles in the Ti-based 6.4±4.8 ng/L (2.0±1.0)×10 7 101
Ulansu Lake nanoparticles
London, UK Ti-based nanoparticles in the Ti-based 135±45.9 ng/L (1.9±1.2)×10 9 101
Long Water lake nanoparticles
Melbourne, Australia Ti-based nanomaterials in Ti-based - (1.64±0.26 – 25.8±1.0)×10 8 105
lakes, basins, and wetlands nanomaterials
Ti-based nanomaterials in Ti-based - LOD–(3.20±0.12)×10 9
wastewater treatment plant nanomaterials
effluents
Vancouver, Canada Ti-based nanoparticles in the TiO in 15.5 ng/L (2.3±0.0)×10 8 101
2
Strait of Georgia (seawater) nanoparticles
Førde Fjord, Vestland Ti-based nanoparticles in the Ti in nanoparticles LOD–127 ng/L - 106
county, Norway fjord (seawater)
Laizhou Bay, China Ti-based nanoparticles in TiO in 200 – 199,000 ng/L (5.75 – 97.3) ×10 (mean: 107
7
2
8
seawater nanoparticles (median: 820 ng/L) 1.75×10 )
Ti-based nanoparticles in TiO in 1.02 – 123 mg/kg (3.70 – 156) ×10 1 particles/kg
1
2
marine sediments nanoparticles (median: 27.3 mg/kg) (mean: 77.5×10 1)
1
Casablanca, Morocco Ti-based nanoparticles in the TiO in 48.9 ng/L (5.2±0.0)×10 8 101
2
Atlantic Ocean nanoparticles
Xiamen Bay, China Ti-based nanomaterials in Ti-based 2,340 – 6,330 mg/kg - 108
marine sediments nanomaterials (mean:
4,360±1,480 mg/kg)
Pulmoddai, Sri Lanka Heavy mineral coastal deposits TiO in ilmenite 493,400 mg/kg - 109
2
minerals
South Carolina, US Ti-based nanoparticles in TiO -engineered 95 μg/L - 99
2
surface water (Crane Creek, nanoparticles
Stoop Creek, and Gills Creek)
French Mediterranean Ti-based nanomaterialsin TiO -based 100 – 9 00 μg/L - 110
2
coast surface water (beach shoreline nanomaterials
in bathing zones)
(Cont’d...)
Volume 2 Issue 3 (2025) 10 doi: 10.36922/EER025130027