Page 48 - ESAM-1-2

Engineering Science in
Additive Manufacturing Multi-material additive manufacturing of metals

Table 2. Mechanical testing of each bimetallic combination
Deposited Titanium Stainless steel alloy Nickel alloy Aluminum Copper alloy Ferrous alloy Miscellaneous
material alloy alloy alloy
Base
material
Stainless steel A, B 123 A 126,127,129,130 , A 56,128,140 , (A, F ) 144,166 (A, C) 148
com
alloy (A, B) 131,133,157 (A, B, C, E, F ) , (A, C) ,
141
58
com
(A, B, C, E) , (A, B) 187
142
Titanium alloy (A, F ) , E 154 A 155 A 57
188
com
(A, B) 189,151 ,
(A) 122
Nickel alloy (A, F Shear ) , (B) , (A, F wear ) , (A) , (A, F T herm ) 184
158
47
52
131
(A) 156 (A, F ) , (A) 160
159
fat
169
166
179
Ferrous alloy (F ) , A 190 (B, E) , (A, C) 167 (A, B) ,
com
(B, D, F ) 170 (B, D, F ) 170
Fat
Fat
179
Aluminum alloy (A, C) 172,173 (A, C, E) , (A, E) 175 A 167 A 177
Copper alloy A, B, F 176 A 167
com
Note: The mechanical testing conducted on each bimetallic combination is denoted alphabetically. For detailed information on the alloy composition in
a specific reference within the multi-material additive manufacturing combination and specific experimental procedures, refer to Table A2.
Abbreviations: A: Hardness; B: Tensile strength (||); C: Tensile strength (=); D: Flexural strength (||); E: Flexural strength (=); F : Compression; F :
fat
com
Fatigue; F : Bond shear; F : Wear performance; F : Thermal diffusivity.
Shear wear T herm
that increasing the laser power resulted in a decrease in
hardness, particularly at the interface region. Interestingly,
the incorporation of carbon fiber IBL in IN718/SS316L
MMAM structures resulted in a 1.5 to 2-fold increase in
microhardness relative to the monolithic materials. The
increase in hardness is attributed to the formation of
chromium-rich carbides at the interface. Beyond the
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general observation of a gradual hardness transition, both
laser power and incorporation of an IBL have been shown
to significantly influence the hardness level. These trends
in SS/Ni structures offer a useful comparison to other
bimetallic structures, such as SS/Cu, which are discussed
in the following sections.
Figure 9. Build orientation of multi-material additive manufacturing Similarly, the MMAM structures composed of SS316L/
56
139
samples that are used in the literature. Type A: Two distinctive materials Cu or Cu/SS316L exhibited similar hardness transitional
stacked vertically. The dissimilar materials meet at the horizontal behavior to that of SS316L/Ni. Specifically, in SS316L/
interface. Type B: Two material systems joined side by side along the Cu, hardness levels descend from 240 ± 37 HV (SS316L)
vertical interface. Type C: Two materials layered on top of each other to 156 ± 4 HV, 181 HV, and 74 HV for CuSn10, C52400,
horizontally, forming a horizontal interface. Type D: Similar to Type C,
with the horizontal interface at the middle of the thickness of the specimen and C18400, respectively (Figure 10A). A reverse trend
is noted when transitioning from Cu to SS316L (Figure
as it provides valuable insight into the mechanical integrity 10B). A smooth transition between SS and Cu alloys was
and performance of the components. revealed, attributed to the variation in Fe and Cu content
In bimetallic structures such as SS316L/Ni 126,127,129,131,157 in the melt pool and grain refinement at the interface.
139
139
and Ni/SS316L, 131,158-160 the interface region exhibits a Supporting these observations, Meyer et al. Liu et al.
smooth transition from higher to lower hardness level observed a higher hardness level of 248.6 ± 22.5 HV in the
or vice versa, reflecting the changes from one material diffusion zone when compared to the monolithic material
to another. The literature revealed a smooth gradient in region of SS316L and CuSn10. This increase is attributed
hardness across the interface, with bulk-Ni alloys such as to the presence of highly refined grains, which hinder
IN718 and IN625 exhibiting a hardness level of 304±16 dislocation movements and enhance microhardness, in
HV and 260±13 HV, respectively. Feenstra et al. noted addition to strain hardening induced by micro-strains.
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Volume 1 Issue 2 (2025) 16 doi: 10.36922/ESAM025180010