Page 88 - GPD-2-4

Gene & Protein in Disease Gene polymorphism and chronic kidney disease

Table 3. Comparison of laboratory parameters between cases and controls
Parameters Cases (N=62) Controls (N=62) Student’s t‑test
Mean SD Mean SD T P
Urea (mg/dL) 126.31 38.71 27.09 5.18 20.004 <0.001
Creatinine (mg/dL) 8.44 3.24 0.94 0.22 18.196 <0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m ) 16.613 7.30 92.53 23.27 −24.507 <0.001
2
Spot urine (mg/g) 231.77 156.25 15.95 6.59 10.867 <0.001
Calcium (mg/dL) 8.54 0.73 9.08 0.74 −4.052 <0.001
Albumin (mg/dL) 3.39 2.94 3.77 0.43 −0.997 0.321
Hemoglobin (g/dL) 9.45 1.76 13.23 1.93 −11.398 <0.001
Notes: Student’s t-test was used for continuous variables. P<0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference. Abbreviations: eGFR: Estimated
glomerular filtration rate; SD: Standard deviation.

Table 4. Comparison of genotype and allele frequencies of deterioration of renal functions, indicated by elevated
CCR2 gene (rs1799864) between cases and controls levels of urea, creatinine, spot urine, and decreased levels
of calcium and eGFR. Similar findings were observed
Variable Total (N=124) Cases (N=62) Controls (N=62) by Sezgin et al., where the frequency of the CCR2 GA
n % n % n % genotype was higher in cases, and the GG genotype was
Genotype higher in controls. The A allele was more frequent in
GA 44 35.48 30 48.4 14 22.6 cases, and the G allele was more frequent in controls. The
GG 80 64.52 32 51.6 48 77.4 results were statistically significant and consistent with the
[16]
AA 0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 present study . Nakajima et al. reported that, although
χ =9.018; P=0.003 CCR2 was not significantly associated with kidney disease,
2
Allele the frequency of the A allele was higher in patients with
impaired kidneys . Similarly, in the present study, the
[12]
G 204 82.26 94 72.58 110 88.71 frequency of the A allele was observed to be higher in CKD
A 44 17.74 30 27.42 14 11.29 patients (27.42%) than in non-CKD subjects (11.29%). In
χ 7.073; P=0.007 another study by Elghoroury et al., the frequency of the A
2=
Notes: Chi-square (χ ) test was used to compare the CCR2 genotype allele was significantly higher among children with ESRD.
2
between chronic kidney disease cases and controls. P<0.05 indicates a Moreover, they reported significantly higher frequencies
statistically significant difference. of the GA+AA genotype among transplantation,
hemodialysis, and ESRD patients, while the GG genotype
to guide the clinical care of nephropathies, leading to was more prevalent in controls .
[17]
improvements in disease surveillance, drug selection,
diagnostic accuracy, and family counseling. Accurate Beyond alterations in the nucleotide sequence,
interpretation of genetic data is necessary for optimizing epigenetic molecular mechanisms may play a critical role
[26]
all of these processes . In the same context, the present in the progression of renal disease through inflammation.
study aimed to investigate the association of the CCR2 gene Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation,
polymorphism with CKD. For this purpose, 62 patients histone protein modifications, and RNA interference.
with CKD (cases) and 62 age- and gender-matched non- Epigenetic regulation of transcription plays a crucial
CKD patients (controls) were enrolled in the study. role in normal physiological development and also in
pathological conditions. For example, abnormal DNA
In the present study on CCR2 polymorphism, the GG methylation is linked to insulin resistance, inflammation,
genotype was more prevalent in controls compared to and immunological dysfunction. RNA interference
cases (77.4% vs. 51.6%), whereas the GA genotype was may significantly contribute to the development of
more prevalent in cases (48.4%) compared to the controls kidney disease, given the essential role of microRNAs
(22.6%). Moreover, the G allele was more prevalent in in maintaining glomerular homeostasis. Epithelial-
controls (88.71%) compared to cases (72.58%), while mesenchymal transition and subsequent renal tissue
cases expressed the A allele (27.42%) more frequently fibrosis are controlled by epigenetic changes. In CKD,
than the controls (11.29%). The CCR2 GA genotype and epimutations might occur due to uremic toxins, oxidative
A allele were associated with the occurrence of CKD and stress, inflammation, and hyperhomocysteinemia. Due

Volume 2 Issue 4 (2023) 5 https://doi.org/10.36922/gpd.2253