Page 87 - GPD-2-4

Gene & Protein in Disease Gene polymorphism and chronic kidney disease

3. Results (urea, creatinine, eGFR, and spot urine) were
significantly elevated in the cases (126.31 ± 38.71 mg/dL,
3.1. Heterogeneity analysis in case and control 8.44 ± 3.24 mg/dL, 16.61 ± 7.30 mL/min/1.73 m , and
2
groups 231.77 ± 156.25 mg/g, respectively) as compared to
This study involved 62 cases and 62 controls, and both the controls (27.09 ± 5.18 mg/dL, 0.94 ± 0.22 mg/dL,
2
groups were comparable for age and gender. Table 1 92.53 ± 23.27 mL/min/1.73 m , 15.95 ±6.59 mg/g). Serum
presents the comparison of demographic parameters calcium and hemoglobin were significantly lower in the
between cases and controls. The majority of the cases of cases (8.54 ± 0.73 mg/dL and 9.45 ± 1.76 g/dL, respectively)
CKD had hypertension (91.9%) and diabetes (72.6%), compared to the controls (9.08 ± 0.74 mg/dL and
while in non-CKD controls, only a few had comorbidities. 13.23 ± 1.93 g/dL, respectively). However, serum albumin
On statistical comparison, a significant difference was in the cases was 3.39 ± 2.94 mg/dL, which was comparable
observed between groups for diabetes and hypertension. to the controls (3.77 ± 0.43 mg/dL). Table 3 presents the
Table 2 presents a comparison of comorbidities between comparison of laboratory parameters between cases and
the cases and the controls. Renal function parameters controls.

3.2. Association of CCR2 G190A polymorphism with
Table 1. Comparison of demographic parameters between
cases and controls CKD
The majority of patients in both groups possess the GG
Parameter Total (N=124) Cases (N=62) Controls (N=62) genotype. However, a smaller proportion of subjects in
n % N % the cases possessed the GG genotype compared to the
Age control group (51.6% vs. 77.4%). A statistically significant
≤20 years 4 2 3.2 2 3.2 difference was observed between the groups for CCR2
21–30 years 17 10 16.1 7 11.3 polymorphism among cases and controls. The G allele was
31–40 years 22 11 17.7 11 17.7 found to be prevalent (82.26%) in the total subjects enrolled
41–50 years 17 9 14.5 8 12.9 in the study. However, a higher proportion of cases had an
A allele (27.42%) as compared to the controls (11.29%).
51–60 years 29 14 22.6 15 24.2 On statistical comparison, a significant association was
61–70 years 24 10 16.1 14 22.6 observed between the A allele and CKD. The OR for the G
≥71 years 11 6 9.7 5 8.1 allele was 0.40 with a confidence interval (CI) of 0.20–0.080.
χ 1.380; P=0.967 Table 4 presents a detailed comparison of genotype and
2=
Mean SD Mean SD allele frequencies of the CCR2 gene (rs1799864) between
48.95 16.55 49.90 15.15 cases and controls. No difference was observed between
t = −0.334; P=0.739 CCR2 gene polymorphism and the cause of CKD. Table 5
Gender presents the association of the CCR2 genotype with the
causes of CKD. Elevated renal function parameters, except
Female 50 23 37.1 27 43.5 eGFR (urea, creatinine, and spot urine), were significantly
Male 74 39 62.9 35 56.5 associated with the GA genotype of the CCR2 gene.
χ =0.536; P=0.464 Table 6 presents the association of the CCR2 genotype with
2
Notes: Chi-square (χ ) test was used to compare proportions between the renal function parameters. A statistically significant
2
chronic kidney disease (CKD) cases and controls. Student’s t-test is association was observed for the GA genotype of the CCR2
used to assess the mean age between CKD cases and controls. P<0.05 is gene with ESRD. Table 7 presents the association of the
considered significant. Abbreviation: SD: Standard deviation.
CCR2 gene with stages of CKD.
Table 2. Comparison of comorbidities between cases and 4. Discussion
controls
Chronic kidney disease is a major public health concern
Comorbidities Total Cases Controls Chi‑square test and is commonly attributed to factors such as diabetes,
n % n % hypertension, nephrotoxic drugs, and glomerulonephritis.
Diabetes 67 45 72.6 22 35.5 χ =17.176; P<0.001 The identification of numerous genes associated with
2
Hypertension 81 57 91.9 24 38.7 χ =38.770; P<0.001 monogenic kidney illnesses with classical inheritance
2
patterns, as well as genes for complex kidney diseases that
Notes: Chi-square (χ ) test was used to assess comorbidities between
2
chronic kidney disease cases and controls. P<0.05 indicates a manifest in conjunction with environmental variables, is
statistically significant difference. feasible. Genetic discoveries are increasingly being utilized
Volume 2 Issue 4 (2023) 4 https://doi.org/10.36922/gpd.2253