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Gene & Protein in Disease Exploring serum inflammatory biomarkers in GBM

Table 2. Candidate serum biomarkers of inflammation and the acute phase response
Target References
a2-HS glycoprotein/fetuin-A Prognostic indicator ; before versus after chemoradiation therapy 24
31
Albumin Prognostic indicator with CRP and fibrinogen, associated with IL-6 and TNF-β indirectly 34
33
32
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Post-operative associated with GBM ; potential diagnostic criteria ; mechanism of stemness ;
36
35
37
other data 38
CD14 Associated with IgE, steroids, immune response, and CD23 39
CD23 Associated with IgE, steroids, immune response, and CD14 39
COX-2 Before versus after surgery therapy resistance related to PGES2 and tumor
42
41
40
microenvironment 43
CRP Prognostic indicator with albumin, prognostic signature, mechanism with IL-6, IL-1b, and
32
44
JAK-STAT 45
Fibrinogen Prognostic indicator with albumin and with CRP 46
33
Glial fibrillary acidic protein Potential diagnostic criteria 36,47 ; pre- and post-operation 48,49
Human leukocyte antigen G Serum interaction with interferon 50
Immunoglobulin Glioblastoma prognosis 41,51
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) kinase Invasion signaling with IL-8-VEGF ; also associated with NF-κB 52
52
IL-10 Prognostic signature ; associated with IL-10, BDNF, and HLA-G 38
44
Il-13 Steroid resistance 38,53 ; related to IgE 51
45
Il-1b Mechanism with IL-6, CRP, and JAK-STAT ; angiogenesis marker ; IL interactions 55
54
IL-6 Associated with albumin ; mechanism with CRP, IL-1b, and JAK-STAT ; angiogenesis marker ;
45
54
34
IL interactions 55
IL-8 Prognostic signature ; invasion signaling with IKKβ VEGF , angiogenesis marker ; IL
52
54
44
interactions 55
Kininogen HMW Serum biomarker of glioma 56
KMO Prognostic indicatory related to tumor volume ; metabolic profile 58
57
Matrix metalloprotease-9 New imaging ; prognostic indicator 60,61
59
62
63
NF-κB Radiation therapy effects ; MGMT interaction ; STAT3 mechanism 64
Osteopontin Diagnosis + GFAP ; prognosis, hypoxia and therapy 67
66
65
PD-L1 Higher pre-surgery plasma levels of PD-L1 are associated with overall poor survival 68
PGES2 Related to COX2 ; radiation resistance ; tumor microenvironment 43
42
69
Recovering Related to steroids, TNF-α, TNF-β ; a potential marker of recurrence 71
70
44
Serum amyloid A Prognostic signature ; upregulated in GBM 6
TNF-α Prognostic signature ; angiogenesis marker ; IL interactions 55
54
44
TNF-β Associated with albumin and IL-1b 34,54,72
Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 Prognostic signature ; a marker of recurrence/angiogenesis 73
44
Abbreviations: BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; COX2: Cyclooxygenase-2; CRP: C-reactive protein; GBM: Glioblastoma multiforme;
GFAP: Glial fibrillary protein; HMW: High molecular weight; IKKβ: I kappa B kinase kappa; IL: Interleukin; KMO: Kynurenine-3-monooxygenase;
MGMT: O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase; PD-L1: Programmed death ligand 1; PGES2: Prostaglandin E synthase 2; STAT3: Signal
transducer and activator of transcription 3; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor.
3. Results serum proteins were albumin, VCAM-1, Parkinson’s
disease (PD-1), Kininogen 1 (KNG1), and IL-10, while
3.1. Biomarker alteration with treatment the top decreased signals included IL-13, GFAP, TNF-
Of the serum biomarkers identified in the literature α, CRP, and IL-1b. Analysis of the association between
(Figure 2 and Table S1), serum measurements were measured serum levels and factors such as sample storage
robustly captured, compared to classical plasma proteins duration (Table S2 and Figure S1), the number of days
(e.g., albumin, CRP), with several proteins showing elapsed from surgical resection to sample acquisition
significant alterations with treatment. The top increased (Table S3 and Figure S2), and the administration of
Volume 3 Issue 3 (2024) 4 doi: 10.36922/gpd.3580