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Global Translational Medicine Eco-friendly biomedical materials: A review

Figure 3. Graphical representation of antibacterial mechanism of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs). Reproduced from Mohsin Ali et al. Copyright © 2021,
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The Author(s).
Abbreviation: CuNPs: Copper nanoparticles.

nanomaterial, which is why the selection of the stabilizing hydrothermal method consists of the use of an aqueous
agent is as important as the temperature control in the solution in steel vessels (autoclaves) with controlled
thermal reduction route. 44 temperature and pressure parameters. However, both
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Along with the usage of a stabilizing agent, the reducing procedures require the usage of high temperatures, which
agent is one of the components that determine the main consequently involve the need for high electrical power
characteristics of the synthesized nanomaterial. One of input.
the most common approaches to making a green solvent To reduce the impact of the production of TiO
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consists of the usage of a plant extract. For instance, Mali nanomaterials synthesis, green routes have been proposed
et al. synthesized CuNPs using a Celastrus paniculatus mainly utilizing green chemical reduction methods. For
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Wild. Leaf extract with a particle size of 2 – 10 nm. instance, Aravind et al. used jasmine flower extract as
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However, green reducing and stabilizing agents are not a reducing agent and titanium tetra isopropoxide as a
limited to plant extracts. Jiménez-Rodríguez et al. titanium precursor. Sethy et al. utilized Syzygium cumini
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managed to synthesize Cu O nanocubes utilizing starch extract as a capping agent to produce photocatalytic TiO
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as a capping agent, which controlled the aggregation and nanoparticles (TiO NPs) for the removal of lead from
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particle size of the material. 46 water. In addition, the required temperature for synthesis
(80°C) is considerably reduced compared to the traditional
2.3. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles hydrothermal method (150°C).
Titanium dioxide is mainly utilized for drug delivery, cell
imaging, and biosensors due to its catalytic, photocatalytic, 2.4. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles
and antibacterial properties, as shown in Figure 4. TiO Zinc is a trace element that is essential for many enzymes
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exists in three forms depending on the crystallographic in the human body such as carbonic anhydrase and
nature of the material: Anatase, brookite, and rutile. TiO alcohol dehydrogenase. 55,56 ZnO nanomaterials are some
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is mainly applied in water purification, energy conversion, of the most common ZnO materials used in electronic and
and agriculture. For instance, Horváth et al. proved the optical applications due to their semiconducting, optical,
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decontamination of water by using a TiO nanowires/ and piezoelectric properties. ZnO is also known for its
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carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanocomposite photocatalytic antibacterial activity enabled through interference with the
filter. Gohari et al., on the other hand, evaluated the surface and/or core of bacteria. Because of this property,
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effect of different concentrations of TiO NPs (0, 50, 100, ZnO has been used in ointments for the treatment of
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and 200 mg/L) on agronomic traits of Moldavian balm injuries throughout centuries, dating back to ancient
(Dracocephalum moldavica L.). 50 Egypt. In the current age, the biological and biomedical
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TiO nanomaterials are usually synthesized through applications of ZnO include biosensing, anti-inflammatory
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routes such as sol-gel and hydrothermal methods. The activity, drug, and gene delivery.
sol-gel process usually consists of the transition of a material Nanomaterials have attracted interest as platforms
from a colloidal liquid (sol) into a solid phase (gel). The for the development of biosensors to detect various
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Volume 3 Issue 4 (2024) 4 doi: 10.36922/gtm.4698