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Global Translational Medicine Eco-friendly biomedical materials: A review

Figure 5. Anti-inflammatory mechanism of ZnO NPs. Reproduced from Agarwal et al. Copyright © 2018, Agarwal et al.
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Abbreviations: COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; HMG-1: High-mobility group protein 1; IL: Interleukin; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; NO: Nitric
oxide; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; PG-E2: Prostaglandin E2; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha; TSLP: Thymic stromal
lymphopoietin, ZnO NPs: Zinc oxide nanoparticles.

due to variations in phytochemicals and metabolites,
respectively. 77,78 Purification and further characterization
of green reducing agents are needed for a method as robust
as traditional wet chemistry methods. However, the usage
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of these green-reducing agents circumvents the need for
chemical-reducing agents and stabilizers, which may reduce
costs in the production of green AuNPs. In light of this,
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more studies aiming to standardize green synthesis should
be prioritized to advance and promulgate these methods.
In addition, novel synthesis methods such as supercritical
fluid, electrochemical , and ionic liquid-mediated
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synthesis should be evaluated further to determine their
advantages and disadvantages in comparison to both green
and traditional synthesis methods. The standardization of
innovative synthesis methods for AuNPs requires a multi-
Figure 6. Representation of a Kretschmann-based surface plasmon disciplinary approach. For example, in biomedical sensing
resonance biosensor. Reproduced from Nguyen et al. Copyright © 2015, applications, SPR behavior should remain consistent when
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The Author(s).
Abbreviation: PSP: Propagating surface plasmon. employing green synthesis approaches, such as those
using plant or bacterial extracts. In addition, thorough
characterization is essential to define key attributes, such as
with an average size of 36 nm. Although the green synthesis crystal structure (through X-ray diffraction), size (measured
of AuNPs presents many environmental advantages, some by dynamic light scattering), and morphology (using
limitations are present as the standardization of green scanning and transmission microscopy), as well as to assess
reducing agents such as plants and bacteria are difficult how different conditions impact these properties. Finally,

Volume 3 Issue 4 (2024) 6 doi: 10.36922/gtm.4698