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Global Translational Medicine Eco-friendly biomedical materials: A review

Table 1. List of nanomaterials utilized for pre-clinical and clinical applications
Material Method Studied application Material size References
TiO NPs Chemical reduction method with Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal 32 – 48 nm 53
2
jasmine flower extract and anti-microbial activities
CuO NPs Chemical reduction method with Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus 28 nm 135
plant extract (Achillea millefolium aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
leaf) Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus
mirabili, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and
Streptococcus pyogenes, and antifungal activity
against Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus,
Microsporum canis and Candida glabrata
ZnO NPs Chemical reduction method with Antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae, 43.3 – 83.1 nm 136
fruit extract (Myristica fragrans) E. coli, etc.; antidiabetic activity; cancer
treatment
Fe O NPs Chemical reduction method with Antimicrobial activity, enzyme inhibition, and 29 nm 137
3
2
Sageretia thea extract antioxidant activity
PU/GNp nanocomposite In situ polymerization with Biocompatibility study through MTT assay 35 – 56 nm 138
poly(ε–caprolactone)diol and (GNp)
hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI)
AgNPs Chemical reduction method with Antibacterial activity against S. aureus (Gram- 90 nm 139
Cucumis prophetarum extract positive) and Salmonella typhi (Gram-negative)
bacteria, and antiproliferative activity against
cancer cells
Carbon dots Chemical oxidation of graphene Fluorescent properties for biosensing and 3.0 – 6.4 nm 140
oxide and carbon nanoonions bioimaging applications
SWCNTs Purified SWCNTs with HNO and Curcumin delivery system and environmental 170.4 nm 141
3
purified water. Functionalized applications
with curcumin through solvent
evaporation
@
ZIF-8 Fe O /NAD ENF MOF Functionalization of Fe O NPs Enzymatic cascade biotransformations ~20 nm 142
+
4
3
3
4
with 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid
Abbreviations: GNp: Graphene nanoplatelet; MOF: Metal-organic framework; NPs: Nanoparticles; PU: Polyurethane; SWCNTs: Single-walled carbon
nanotubes; ZIF: Zeolitic imidazolate framework.
consists of dissolving lipids in water and ethanol at biomedical field for clinical applications. Furthermore,
60°C to create a lipid paste, which is then hydrated in some instances, these materials can be prepared or
with water; and injection methods performed by synthesized through sustainable and green methodologies
131
injecting the lipid suspension in water. 132 without sacrificing their physicochemical and biological
properties. Table 1 presents a list of pre-clinical applications
The optimization of these methods through green of different eco-friendly nanomaterials. 53,134-141
approaches mainly focuses on reducing the formation
temperature of liposomes and using green sources for the In recent research, various nanoparticles have
lipids utilized. For instance, Hou et al. managed to produce been synthesized using eco-friendly plant extracts and
liposomes at a relatively low temperature (35°C) by using functionalized polymers for targeted applications in
a vacuum-rotatory evaporation. A similar technique was biomedicine and environmental science. TiO₂ NPs,
133
used by Siyadatpanah et al. by preparing liposomes at 45°C produced through chemical reduction with jasmine
through a vacuum evaporation method. However, both flower extract, have demonstrated antibacterial,
134
works use chloroform for liposome formation, a toxic non- anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and antimicrobial activities,
53
green solvent. with particle sizes ranging from 32 to 48 nm. Similarly,
CuO NPs synthesized using Achillea millefolium leaf extract
5. Pre-clinical and clinical status of different exhibits potent antibacterial effects against pathogens such
nanomaterials as S. aureus and M. tuberculosis, along with antifungal
properties, at an average size of 28 nm. ZnO NPs, created
134
As mentioned in earlier sections of this review, with Myristica fragrans fruit extract, have shown promise
nanomaterials are becoming more common in the in antibacterial and antidiabetic applications and even

Volume 3 Issue 4 (2024) 10 doi: 10.36922/gtm.4698