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International Journal of Bioprinting G40T60@WNT5A promotes osteoblast differentiation

Figure 10. Mechanism behind of the therapeutic effect of a degradable WNT5A-loaded scaffold fabricated using Masquelet technique on CTO&BD by
virtue of the scaffold’s capacity in promoting osteogenic differentiation and angiogenesis.

integrity to 3D-printed constructs. Consistent with our delivered promising outcomes, in terms of safety during
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research findings, studies have found that 3D-printed in vivo surgery, biodegradation, and ability to induce bone
scaffolds could direct the extracellular matrix/stromal formation after membrane formation. 77,78
stem cells for bone and cartilage defect regeneration. 23,32,75
In addition, according to a previous report, 3D-printed We extracted the rat’s induced membrane and co-
bioresorbable hydrogel scaffolds, which have high flexibility cultured it with BMSCs and UVECs. The results showed
and adaptability and could be used for non-load-bearing that the membrane induced by the G40T60@WNT5A
bone regeneration, were successfully created. 31 scaffold significantly promoted osteogenic differentiation
and angiogenesis. The result indicated that 3D-printed
We confirmed that the G40T60@WNT5A scaffold degradable scaffolds could promote the formation of
could significantly promote the formation of induced induced membrane in CTO&BD rat model, which
membranes in a CTO&BD rat model we constructed, in stimulates osteogenic differentiation and vascular
which the scaffold was transplanted. The result indicated neogenesis. Another study has attempted to analyze the
that the WNT5A-loaded, degradable G40T60 scaffold effects of a 3D-printed hydroxyapatite gel (HAP-GEL)
fabricated by 3D printing could promote the formation
of induced membrane in a CTO&BD rat, thus facilitating scaffold combined with BMSCs and human umbilical
osteogenic differentiation and angiogenesis. Our vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on repairing rabbit
research is consistent with other studies, demonstrating cranial defects, and found that the 3D-printed scaffold
that 3D-printed scaffolds significantly enhance bone and the combination of BMSCs and HUVECs exhibited
regeneration in animal models. Furthermore, 3D-printed good osteogenic ability and biocompatibility and showed
32
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biodegradable scaffolds have been demonstrated to excellent results in repairing rabbit cranial defects. In a
promote collagen synthesis and induce membrane study regarding the synergistic effects of co-cultivation
formation, vascularization, and osteogenesis, significantly of endothelial cells and matrix cells on 3D-printed
promoting maxillofacial regeneration. In addition, calcium silicate-doped β-TCP scaffolds, which promote
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a few studies reported that 3D-printed degradable vascularization and bone formation, significantly enhanced
scaffolds in a rabbit femur cortical bone defect model bone formation was noted in 3D-printed porous β-TCP

Volume 10 Issue 2 (2024) 244 doi: 10.36922/ijb.1461