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Recent cell printing systems for tissue engineering

Figure 2. 3D cell printing with modified crosslinking processes, (a) aerosol crosslinking process with calcium chloride using an al-
ginate-based bioink [36–38] , (b) drop-on-demand (submerged) crosslinking with a laser-assisted printing process [41] , (c) submerged
printing with a core (MSC-laden collagen) /shell (2–5 wt% alginate) nozzle [44] , and (d) cell printing process with a crosslinked solu-
tion and absorbing stage using a core (3 wt% alginate-based cell-laden bioink)/shell (1.2 wt% CaCl 2 ) [46] .

applied a similar method to the laser-assisted cell pri- cell printing process with submerged crosslinking.
nting process, which contains the same limitations in They coated the surface of a printing plate, instead of
printing 3D structures, and they were able to fabricate using a lifting stage, and printed the bioink in a CaCl 2
a 3D structure with a height of 9.5 mm. Conversely, solution to build a biaxially porous 3D scaffold, which
You et al. [42] fabricated a 3D lattice structure with created pores between the deposited layers. Gao et
cell-laden alginate hydrogel via an extrusion-based al. [43] modified the submerged crosslinking cell print-

32 International Journal of Bioprinting (2017)–Volume 3, Issue 1