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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bone: Current & future

Table 7. 3D bioprinting-related clinical trials based on avert inflammatory responses) and have relatively similar
keywords from ClinicalTrials.gov biological (e.g., cell growth and differentiation) and
mechanical properties as native bone tissues.
Searched keywords Number of clini- Number of target-
cal trials ed clinical trials Minimizing immune reactions and ensuring sustained
3D-printed bone 88 24 integration of bioprinted constructs within the host tissue
Tissue engineering bone 75 2 are crucial for successful clinical translation. Maintaining
Bioprinted bone 0 0 high cell viability throughout the printing process and
Bone bioprinting 5 0 preserving the biological functions and phenotypic
traits are imperative for effective tissue integration and
regeneration. It is also important to incorporate specific
applications, such as improving cell behavior and tissue cells into the bone, particularly for vascularization.
74
regeneration with adjustable mechanical properties, Nonetheless, the incorporation of functional vascular
bioactive molecules, and growth factors. Additionally, networks within bioprinted constructs to facilitate
the materials used in bioprinting, such as hydrogels, nutrient and oxygen exchange and waste removal remains
dECM, and minerals, should be biocompatible (e.g., a significant challenge.

Table 8. 3D bioprinting-related clinical trials found on ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT number Study title
NCT03185286 3D-printed personalized metal implant in surgical treatment of ankle bone defects
NCT05550285 3D-printed titanium mesh vs. guided autogenous graft
NCT05241548 BMAC on PCL scaffold for ridge augmentation
NCT05057143 3D-printed implants for defect reconstruction in patients with chest wall tumors
NCT04271137 Correction of enophthalmos and orbital volume using pre-bent mesh versus 3D-printed onlay in orbital fracture cases
NCT04466397 Repair of large bone defects through 3D-printed individualized porous implant
NCT04773847 The clinical and radiographic outcomes of a 3D-printed patient-specific biomimetic bone substitute in maxillofacial
indications: An interventional, multicentered, open-label, post-market clinical investigation
NCT05291754 3D-printed PEEK implants for cranioplasty
NCT03292679 Craniofacial applications of 3D printing
NCT05700526 Customized bone allografts by 3D-printing
NCT04167878 Exploratory study of 3D-printed biodegradable cervical interbody fusion cage
NCT04000672 Patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) referencing osteotomy technological transfer—a randomized control trial (RCT)
NCT05348434 Evaluation of using 3D-printed PEEK facial implants in repairing maxillofacial deformities
NCT03608280 Efficiency of 3D-printed implant versus autograft for orbital reconstruction (TOR-3D)
NCT03735199 3D-printed scaffold device for ridge preservation after tooth extraction
NCT05616195 Application of 3D-printed prosthesis in limb salvage surgery for bone tumors
NCT04566874 SPIRA™-A 3D and HCT/p DBM vs. Medtronic Divergent™-L/Perimeter™ and recombinant BMP-2
NCT04086784 3D-printed porous titanium alloy cages versus PEEK cages in patients with osteoporosis
NCT04635865 3D-printed patient-specific surgical plates versus conventional surgical plates in jaw reconstruction
NCT05023733 Clinical and radiographic outcomes of TLIF with 3D-printed cellular implant
NCT03647501 Lumbar fusion with Nexxt spine 3D-printed titanium interbody cages
NCT03941028 Clinical effects of large segmental bone defects with 3D-printed titanium implant
NCT05696470 Fusion rates of 3D-printed porous titanium cages in three and four-level ACDFs
NCT04449211 The effectiveness in the treatment of long bone defects using 3D-printed implant
NCT03185286 3D-printed personalized metal implant in surgical treatment of ankle bone defects
Abbreviations: ACDF: Anterior cervical discectomy with fusion; BMAC: Bone marrow aspirate concentrate; BMP: Bone morphogenic protein; DBM:
Demineralized bone matrix; HCT/p: Human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based product; PCL: Polycaprolactone; PEEK: Polyether ether ketone;
TLIF: Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion.

Volume 10 Issue 3 (2024) 165 doi: 10.36922/ijb.2056