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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bone: Current & future

Various methods can be explored to overcome these Ministry of Innovation and Technology from the National
challenges, such as employing multi-material bioprinting Research Development and Innovation Fund. The projects
techniques for the creation of intricate structures with (TKP2021-EGA-28 and TKP2021-EGA-32) were funded
precise control over the mechanical properties, cell by the Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary
distribution, and concentration of bioactive molecules. from the National Research, Development and Innovation
Recently, computer vision was utilized for bone Fund, financed under the TKP2021-EGA funding scheme.
bioprinting, encompassing common tasks such as
controlling bone scaffold processes, implementing deep Conflict of interest
learning techniques, and assessing cell viability. The The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
findings revealed the capability of artificial intelligence to
overcome current limitations and expedite advancements Authors’ contributions
within this domain. Besides that, integrating pre-
87
vascularization methods, such as co-culturing endothelial Conceptualization: Borbála Lovászi, Zoltán Veréb
cells with other cell types or using sacrificial materials, Funding acquisition: Zoltán Veréb
promotes the formation of functional vascular networks Methodology: Borbála Lovászi
within bioprinted constructs. 74 Supervision: Zoltán Veréb
External factors, such as mechanical forces, biochemical Visualization: Diána Szűcs
signals, and electrical impulses, can significantly affect the Writing – original draft preparation: Borbála Lovászi
formation of bone tissues. Bioreactors and other external Writing – reviewing and editing: Diána Szűcs, Tamás
stimuli can augment cell viability, specialization, and Monostori, Lajos Kemény, Zoltán Veréb
tissue maturation within printed biological constructs.
Furthermore, the advancement of programmable Ethics approval and consent to participate
biomaterials adds a temporal dimension, suggesting that Not applicable.
four-dimensional (4D)-printed constructs can adapt their
shape or function over time in response to environmental Consent for publication
changes. In this regard, 4D bioprinting is anticipated to
88
be the next frontier in bone regeneration technology. 87 Not applicable.
By addressing these hurdles and exploring innovative Availability of data
approaches, bone bioprinting can progress toward
developing functional tissue constructs with superior Not applicable.
regenerative capabilities for clinical applications in bone
repair and regeneration. It should be mentioned that References
producing engineered tissues for therapeutic purposes 1. Oryan A, Alidadi S, Moshiri A, Maffulli N. Bone regenerative
also has its legal proceedings prior to market entry, such as medicine: classic options, novel strategies, and future
medical device regulation (MDR) and good manufacturing directions. J Orthop Surg Res. 2014;9(1):18.
practice (GMP). 86 doi: 10.1186/1749-799X-9-18

Acknowledgments 2. Maresca JA, DeMel DC, Wagner GA, Haase C, Geibel JP.
Three-dimensional bioprinting applications for bone tissue
All figures were generated by Borbála Lovászi using engineering. Cells. 2023;12(9).
BioRender (www.app.biorender.com). doi: 10.3390/cells12091230
3. Masaeli R, Zandsalimi K, Rasoulianboroujeni M, Tayebi
Funding L. Challenges in three-dimensional printing of bone
This work was supported by GINOP_ substitutes. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 2019;25(5):387-397.
PLUSZ-2.1.1-21-2022-00043 (co-financed by the European doi: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2018.0381
Union and the European Regional Development Fund) 4. Mirkhalaf M, Men Y, Wang R, No Y, Zreiqat H. Personalized
and the National Research, Development, and Innovation 3D printed bone scaffolds: a review. Acta Biomater.
Office (NKFIH PD 132570 to ZV). ZV is a recipient of 2023;156:110-124.
the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.014
Academy of Sciences (BO/00190/20/5) and the NPP-22- 5. Do AV, Khorsand B, Geary SM, Salem AK. 3D printing of
5 Bolyai+ Fellowship (NKP-22-5-SZTE-319), financed by scaffolds for tissue regeneration applications. Adv Healthc
the New National Excellence Program of the Hungarian Mater. 2015;4(12):1742-1762.

Volume 10 Issue 3 (2024) 166 doi: 10.36922/ijb.2056