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Choudhury D, et al.
[16]
generated through air bubbles or piezoelectric actuator . that allows bioprinting of cells and hydrogels with a cell-
Since the technique requires a low-viscous bioink for level resolution (Figure 2C). The technique has shown
successful deposition, an additional crosslinking step is great potential towards the realisation of scaffold-free
[17]
[15]
accompanied in most of the cases . 3D cell systems . It could be classified into two broad
categories:
●Laser-guided direct cell printing: Manipulating the
1.3.3 Laser-assisted Bioprinting difference in refractive index of the cells and suspending
solution, the laser traps and guides these cells in the
Laser-assisted bioprinting is an emerging technology desired direction .
[18]
A

B

Figure 1. Distribution of 3D bioprinting patents (Adapted from ): (a) The top 10 assignee institutions as per the total number of patent
[13]
families from 1 Jan 2000 till 1 July 2016. Three institutions are tied for the tenth position; (B) The top 10 most countries in which
st
st
priority filing was done for the first patent of a patent family. Four countries are tied for the tenth position.
International Journal of Bioprinting (2018)–Volume 4, Issue 2 3