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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting in otorhinolaryngology

regenerative capacities, suggesting that the dECM small A mixture containing alginate saline gelatin (ASCs) and
intestinal submucosa may be compatible with vocal cord chondrocytes was injected into the PCL scaffold to evaluate
regeneration. In this regard, researchers could identify the chondrogenic ability of ASCs in vitro. The hybrid scaffold
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and extract dECM from alternative tissue sources instead group displayed higher cell proliferation and differentiation
of relying on the impractical extraction of dECM from than the control (single scaffold) group. Additionally, the
small organs, and this approach could facilitate tissue printed auricle cartilage exhibited an elastic modulus and
regeneration on a larger scale and improve its overall mechanical strength that were relatively similar to a natural
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efficiency. auricle. This hybrid bioink formulation compensated for
the performance defects of the single ink formulation and
3.4. Synthetic polymer hydrogels provided more possibilities for auricle construction. Cooke
Natural polymer-based hydrogels have good mechanical et al. used a polymeric mixture of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)
properties and shape retention as compared with synthetic and polyurethane (PU) to print LayFomm scaffolds via
hydrogels, but they have limited biological activity and molten deposition. The in vitro culture displayed stem cell
cell-carrying capacity. Several studies have suggested adherence and proliferation, as well as mineralized matrix
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improving their composition by combining natural and formation on the scaffold. Similarly, in vivo experiments
synthetic polymers, especially for structures with high also demonstrated the potential of LayFomm scaffolds for
mechanical strength, such as bones and cartilage. Jang et craniofacial bone regeneration research (Figure 4A). In
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al. successfully printed a scaffold using PCL to support the a study by Wen et al., a bioink, containing polyurethane
mechanical properties of regenerated auricular cartilage. (PU), chemokine SDF-1, and Y27632 drugs embedded

Figure 4. Synthetic polymer hydrogels as bioinks for 3D bioprinting. (A) Good viability of DPSCs on the scaffolds. Live/Dead staining show the viability of
DPSCs (a, e). SEM images of DPSC-seeded scaffolds after 21 days of culture in either control (a–d) or osteogenic (e–h). (Adapted with permission from ref. )
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(B.) Schematics of an advanced two-step extrusion-based 3D bioprinting of the trachea-mimetic cellular construct (Adapted with permission from ref. )
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Volume 10 Issue 4 (2024) 36 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3006