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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting in otorhinolaryngology

optimize the bioprinting quality. Hybrid bioprinting term toxicological and mechanical studies. Moreover,
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can also be used to effectively improve droplet-based 3D more studies are warranted to study the relationship and
bioprinting. Xu et al. designed a hybrid inkjet bioprinting/ mechanisms of laser parameters. In this regard, laser-based
electrospinning system to fabricate cartilage tissues. In bioprinting is not as mature as the other technologies
this system, electrospinning polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers and will require significant developments prior to its
were fabricated, and rabbit elastic chondrocytes suspended widespread application. 56
in a fibrin-collagen hydrogel were printed for cartilage Table 1 summarizes the advantages and disadvantages
construction. Compared with single bioprinting, the of the aforementioned 3D bioprinting techniques (i.e.,
cartilages fabricated using the hybrid inkjet bioprinting/ extrusion-based, droplet-based, and laser-based).
electrospinning system had better biological and physical
properties. 3. Bioinks
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2.3. Laser-based 3D bioprinting Bioinks are essential for 3D bioprinting and can be defined
Laser-based 3D bioprinting uses a laser in a nozzle-free as a formula suitable for cells processed by automated
design to generate transient microbubbles that expand and biofabrication techniques that may also contain bioactive
rupture to release the bioink. 45,46 The bioprinting rate can ingredients and biological materials. Generally, bioinks
be adjusted by the laser frequency, as well as the type and consist of a hydrogel solution (natural or synthetic)
concentration of the photoinitiator. 47,48 Laser-based 3D and cellular components. 58,59 A variety of natural and
bioprinting prevents direct contact between the bioink and synthetic hydrogel materials have been developed via
bioprinting device, and this prevents damage to the cells crosslinking and are increasingly being designed to reflect
and other components, leading to a high cell survival rate. the natural extracellular matrix and facilitate their use as
Additionally, laser-based 3D bioprinting does not result 3D structures to support tissue regeneration. Hydrogels
in pore obstructions and has a wider range of applicable have a high water content and the ability to suspend cells.
viscosity, indicating its compatibility with almost all Consequently, they can be engineered into an extracellular
types of bioink and applicability for bioprinting various matrix microenvironment for cell encapsulation.
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structures. 49,50 Xiong et al. constructed Y-shaped and Related experiments have demonstrated that hydrogel
straight tubes using 8% alginate solution and 2% alginate biomaterials, such as hyaluronic acid (HA), can produce
mouse fibroblast suspension in a laser-based bioprinting barriers and protect the load cell from the stress of the
system, and the survival rate of the printed laryngeal cells bioprinting process to ensure high cell survival rates and
was more than 60%. Laser-based bioprinting features activity levels. Hydrogels have many other advantages,
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a high resolution, which is essential for bioprinting such as specific cell-binding sites, high biocompatibility,
precise structures in experimental manufacturing, and good degradability, making them the primary
including microstructures and microdevices. Serien et biomaterials used in 3D bioprinting and, in particular,
al. fabricated complex bionic 3D microenvironments in otorhinolaryngology-related 3D bioprinting. 62,63 The
and biochips from pure blood albumin microstructures commonly used hydrogel materials include alginate, gelatin,
using a photo-activator. Kingsley et al. used laser collagen, fibrin, HA, gelling glue, agarose, chitosan (CS),
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direct-write (LDW) bioprinting to produce multicellular silk, decellularized extracellular matrix, and polyethylene
tumor spheroids (MCTSs) and embryoid bodies (EBs) glycol. An increasing number of experiments are exploring
models. They adjusted the size of microbeads using the strategies to improve the performance of hydrogel-based
beam diameter and were able to accurately control the bioink formulations. 64-67 In this section, we discuss several
cellular spatial location. Other experiments have also hydrogel materials and cell components commonly used
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successfully confirmed the construction of complex in otorhinolaryngology.
in vitro products using laser-based 3D bioprinting,
suggesting its integration into tissue engineering. Despite 3.1. Protein-based hydrogels
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the advantages of laser-based 3D bioprinting (e.g., high For otorhinolaryngology-related tissue bioprinting, the
resolution and intensity), the cost is high and the process stability of the structure determines the integrity and
is more complex than the other bioprinting techniques. survival of the transplanted tissue. Hence, the structure
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Besides that, laser-based bioprinting could potentially be should be tissue-matched physically and chemically, as well
carcinogenic. For example, the photosensitive resin used as having excellent biocompatibility with the biological
in the light-curing process is a potential carcinogen and environment. Notably, collagen is the main structural
health hazard. Another drawback is the poor long-term protein of the mammalian extracellular matrix and is
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stability of photosensitive materials, and the application of widely used in 3D bioprinting. Beketov et al. designed
this technology in human clinical trials will require long- a bioink composed of 4% collagen and chondrocytes and

Volume 10 Issue 4 (2024) 31 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3006