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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D-bioprinted peripheral nerve scaffold

Figure 7. Immunohistochemical staining of the (A) NF200, (B) GAP43, and (C) S-100β proteins in the repaired sciatic nerve 8 weeks after the procedure.
(D–F) Percentage of the positive area of each group for the (D) NF200, (E) GAP43, and (F) S-100β proteins. Scale bar: 100 μm. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p
< 0.001. Abbreviations: PCL: Polycaprolactone; scSHED: Schwann-like stem cells from human-exfoliated deciduous teeth.

therapeutic agents for peripheral nerve injury treatment. Unexpectedly, we observed that prolonged exposure to
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Martens et al. successfully induced the differentiation UV light for more than 40 s resulted in significant cell
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of DPSCs into Schwann-like cells, both morphologically death, potentially attributed to the release of monomers
and functionally, and promoted neurite outgrowth in a during the photocrosslinking process. Therefore, a strict
collagen construct. Li et al. created scaffolds-laden neural photocrosslinking time of 10 s was implemented in this
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crest stem cell-derived Schwann-like cells to boost nerve experiment. Although the RGD sequence is inherent in
regeneration. SHEDs have been reported to differentiate in GelMA, we introduced RGD-modified alginate to enhance
vitro into a combination of neuronal and glial cell types. cell adhesion and growth and reduce cell damage through
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To our knowledge, the present study was the first to use a dual-crosslinking process. We validated the advantages
scSHEDs derived from SHEDs within 3D-printed scaffolds of incorporating RGD peptides into our hydrogel
for nerve regeneration. composition and constructed a hydrogel solution of 6%
RGD-Alg/5% GelMA.
When nerve fibers are injured, the Schwann cells at
the distal end would facilitate nerve fiber regeneration by The soluble cytoplasmic calcium-binding protein
releasing various components, including nerve growth S-100β plays crucial roles in growth, cell signaling,
factor, to provide guidance and nutritional support for this motility, and metabolism. Wu et al. demonstrated that
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process. Therefore, in this study, scSHEDs were chosen to the expression of S-100β from RSC96 cells was influenced
mimic Schwann cells and serve a biomimetic function. by Alg/GelMA/BNC scaffolds. In this study, although 3D
By selecting the appropriate hydrogel ratio and printing did not directly impact S-100β expression, our
optimal 3D-printing parameters, it is possible to ensure observations from cytoskeleton staining indicated that
cell survival on the scaffold following extrusion-based 3D the elongated morphology of cells was somewhat limited
bioprinting. Pepelanova et al. successfully enhanced MSC compared to cells in a 2D environment, warranting further
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growth with low concentrations of GelMA and mild doses investigation into optimizing the hydrogel composition and
of ultraviolet (UV) light. GelMA could also be used as a crosslinking conditions to promote stem cell proliferation.
carrier for C2C12 cells, which were subjected to electrical Compared to other nonbiologically active 3D-printing
stimulation within GelMA fibers. The findings revealed materials, PCL exhibits decent biological compatibility
that a moderate cell density (15 × 10 cells/ml) resulted but has limited surface adhesion, particularly following
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in comparatively higher cellular organization and decent hot-melt extrusion-based 3D printing. Enhancing cell
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cell viability. Reportedly, GelMA demonstrated favorable adhesion can be achieved through drug-induced surface
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biocompatibility and promoted the growth of RSC96 cells. modification or physical alterations to increase roughness.
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Volume 10 Issue 4 (2024) 470 doi: 10.36922/ijb.2908