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Discovering new 3D bioprinting applications: Analyzing the case of optical tissue phantoms
the Proceedings of the SPIE, a conference record of the like the biological tissues ) predominate. The fourth group
[57]
Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. It is covers keywords related to applications of 3D printed
also important to note that, of the 108 documents found, optical tissue phantoms. In this regard, it can be observed
35 are conference proceedings and 73 are journal papers. that phantoms are mainly used in techniques for detecting
An association map among authors, keywords, and illnesses, such as biophotonic imaging, hyperspectral
journals contained in the documents analyzed was also reflectance imaging, near-infrared spectroscopy, and optical
developed. For this task, a software programmed in R coherence tomography. In terms of journals, the map shows
language was created. The map is shown in Figure 2. that the highest number of publications on this topic comes
Each link between authors, keywords, and journals is from the proceedings of the SPIE.
represented by a single line. When the number of interactions Specifically, the use of 3D bioprinting for optical tissue
increases, the lines become thicker. The frequency of phantoms development was not detected in the documents
each author, keyword, and journal title is also shown, obtained. Conversely, the use of 3D bioprinting to
represented by the height of the rectangle placed next to produce phantoms to be applied in other areas (not for
each word. It is observed that the top author is Erbao Dong optical applications) is present, especially for ultrasound
from the University of Science and Technology of China, imaging [58-63] . Since 2010, these phantoms have been
with 6 papers published, followed by Shuwei Shen from referred to as “biophantoms,” and they have begun to be
[58]
the same university, Jianting Wang from the FDA (USA) commonly used for ultrasound research .
and Brian Z. Bentz from School of Electrical and Computer Conventionally, phantoms have been made by hand
Engineering of Purdue University (USA) who published using materials that can mimic optical properties, such as
[22]
5 papers each. Keywords comprised four categories. The intralipid, TiO , inks, and resins, among other materials ,
2
first one refers to phantoms proper, where the following instead of using living cells. Unique advantages of using
terminology was detected: Phantoms, biomimetic tissue 3D printing for the development of optical tissue phantoms
phantoms, tissue phantoms, optical phantoms, tissue- were detected in this research, including easy production,
simulating phantoms, tissue-mimicking phantoms, and a complex multilayer fabrication, ability to add substances to
special type of phantom, the biomimetic vascular phantom. mimic heterogeneities of biological tissues, low cost, and
The second category covers methods applied to produce lifecycle environmental friendliness, including reusability of
optical tissue phantoms; in this case, the results show that phantoms’ parts and materials, and avoiding toxic resources.
the spin coating is the most frequent process. The third 3.2 Patentometric Analysis
classification focuses on determining optical properties,
illustrating that the coefficients related to absorption and A total of 34 patients were obtained in the search period
scattering and turbid media (a term that describes a material established from January 1, 2000, to July 31, 2018. The query
with strong optical scattering and absorption characteristics presented in previous sections was applied and adapted to

Figure 2. Association map showing the top authors, keywords, and journals or conference proceedings. Keywords are grouped relating to
phantoms, methods, optical properties, and applications.

6 International Journal of Bioprinting (2019)–Volume 5, Issue 1