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Discovering new 3D bioprinting applications: Analyzing the case of optical tissue phantoms
We design the following query: ((((3d) OR (3d)) OR it does not entail the formal definition of 3D bioprinting [4,6,7] ,
((three dimensional) OR (threedimensional))) AND it represents an interesting effort to build biologically
((*print* OR manufactur* OR fabricat*) OR (rapid functional 3D structures, from the early 2000 s. This paper
prototyp*) OR ((layer by layer) OR (layerbylayer))) was authored by Sokolov et al. , and its process involves
[48]
AND ((optic*) AND (mimic* OR bio* OR simulat* OR cervical cells embedded in a collagen matrix where blood
tissue) AND (phantom*)) AND (((tissue OR bio* OR cells are added later. Furthermore, a layer of epithelial cells
diagnos*) AND (diffus* OR reflectance OR fluorescence is placed on top of the phantom to completely simulate the
OR imaging) AND spectroscopy) OR ((phototherapy) cervical tissue, even in different stages of cancer.
OR (photodynamic AND (therapy OR treatment))))) The results obtained showed the early incursion of
AND NOT (surgic* OR nuclear OR ultrasound OR 3D printing into developing optical tissue phantoms;
radiotherapy OR (xray)). The global query was adapted however, the presence of 3D bioprinting to create these
according to each of the databases consulted. phantoms was not detected. Tables 1-3 present the most
representative articles that were found, ordered by
3 Results and Discussion techniques or methods, materials, and applications.
The global results of the scientometric analysis are
3.1 Scientometric Analysis presented in Figure 1A-1D.
Curve fitting allowed us to find the behavior and trends
After a detailed examination to rule out non-relevant of the number of publications per year on 3D printed
documents, 81 papers were found in the Scopus database optical tissue phantoms. An exponential regression
and 58 papers in the WoS database from January 1, 2000, was performed excluding the data from the year 2018.
to July 31, 2018. The previously mentioned designed The obtained equation that describes the data growth is
query was adapted for each database. Subsequently, a de- shown in Equation 1, with a value of the coefficient of
duplication process was performed to find any possible determination, R = 0.9527:
2
repeated documents between the two databases. In the −268 e ) 0 3071. x (3.1)
end, a total of 108 documents were identified. y = (2 097. ×10
A research relating to a creation of a 3D optical tissue If the growth rate continues with the same behavior,
phantom to analyze epithelial cancer was also found. While then the total number of papers will be 29 for 2018, and
Table 1. Methods used for 3D printed optical tissue phantoms

Paper Institution/country Description
Wang et al. [13] Center for Biomedical Engineering, A 3D printing method was developed for the fabrication of
“3D printing method for freeform University of science and technology of tissue-simulating phantoms with a multilayer structure that consists in
fabrication of optical phantoms China/China selectively depositing the phantom materials layer by layer using spin
simulating heterogeneous biological coating. The goal was to develop a skin tissue phantom as a standard
tissue” for testing biomedical optical devices
Lurie et al. [49] Department of Electrical Engineering, A new spin coating protocol was developed to mitigate the nonuniformity
“Three-dimensional, distendable Stanford University/United States of 3D model topology. The 3D printed phantom mimics the size, structure,
bladder phantom for optical microscale surface topology, and optical properties of a cancerous bladder
coherence tomography and white for performing optical coherence tomography tests
light cystoscopy”
3D: Three-dimensional

Table 2. Materials used for 3D printed optical tissue phantoms
Paper Institution/country Description
[16]
Zhao et al. “3D printing of Department of Precision Machinery and An optical tissue phantom with mechanical and optical heterogeneities
tissue-simulating phantoms for Precision Instrumentation, University of was created using 3D printing. The process uses gel wax
calibration of biomedical optical Science and Technology of China/China polydimethylsiloxane and colorless light-curable ink as matrix
devices” materials, titanium dioxide (TiO ) powder as the scatterer, and graphite
2
powder and black carbon as absorbers
Kim et al. “3D printing-assisted Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, A double-layered phantom made of gelatin and agar as matrix materials
[50]
fabrication of double-layered optical Pukyong National University/Korea and a mixture of TiO powder as the scatterer and coffee as the
2
tissue phantoms for laser tattoo absorber was developed. Then, 3D printing for precise control of the
treatments” thickness of each layer was used
Sangha et al. “Adjustable Weldon School of Biomedical A depth-profiling 3D-printed phantom was created using PVA and
[51]
photoacoustic tomography probe Engineering, Purdue University/United polyethylene tubes. The PVA was treated with a freeze-thaw cycle to
improves light delivery and image States modify its optical scattering properties. This phantom can be used for
quality” acoustic and optical analysis
PVA: Polyvinyl alcohol, 3D: Three-dimensional
4 International Journal of Bioprinting (2019)–Volume 5, Issue 1