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Hernandez-Quintanar and Rodriguez-Salvador
be used on PatSeer software. After reviewing each patent A
in detail and carrying out a de-duplication process, the total
number of documents was reduced to 23. Finally, the patents
were grouped by family, resulting in only 18 patent families.
As in scientometric analysis, there are no documents related
to using 3D bioprinting to produce optical tissue phantoms,
but there are for 3D printing. Figure 3 shows the number of
patent families published during the time interval analyzed
and their priority countries.
From the documents analyzed, it was found that the
early patent involving the use of 3D printing to create
optical tissue phantoms was published in 2009. Following
this, there is a time gap until the publication of a patent
in 2015. Four patients were published in 2016, and six
patients each were published in 2017, and the first half
of 2018. Although there is a growing trend in the number
of patents, there are not enough data for estimating a B
mathematical function that describes the growth behavior.
The main reason for the small number of patents could be
that 3D printing technology is not yet fully developed for
optical tissue phantoms and it takes longer to publish a
patent than it does to put out a scientific paper.
Similarly to the scientometric analysis, the most
prolific country in the area is the United States,
having eight published patent families, followed
by South Korea with five, Germany with three, and
finally, China with two. In terms of assignees, the
Korea Photonics Technological Institute and Pukyong
National University (both in South Korea) have the
highest number of patent families; they coauthored
three patents, followed by Siemens (Germany) with two
patents. Table 4 shows the patent families’ assignees
ordered by country position. Figure 3. Summary of published patents on 3D printed optical
Finally, only three institutions were detected that had tissue phantoms from January 1, 2000, to July 31, 2018, grouped
published scientific papers and patents on 3D printed by (A) the number of patent families published and (B) priority
countries.
optical tissue phantoms, which are the following: Purdue
University (seven scientific papers and one family patent Table 4. Patent assignees by country. The number of patent families
published) and Georgia Institute of Technology and for each assignee is in parentheses
Pukyong National University (one scientific paper and Country Assignee
one family patent each).
United states Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford (1)
3.3 Global Trends in 3D Printed Optical Tissue Erica Burgett, Rebecca Howell (1)
Georgia Tech Research Institution (1)
Phantoms Mayo Foundation (1)
Purdue University Research Foundation (1)
The main focus on the development of optical tissue Siemens Corp. U.S. (1)
phantoms through 3D printing was determined after University of Massachusetts (1)
a detailed analysis of the scientific papers and patent University of Indiana Res. Tech. Corp. (1)
families. The results are categorized in Table 5 according South Korea Korea Photonic Technological Institute (3)
Pukyong National University (3)
to methods, materials, and uses. Samsung Life Public Welfare Foundation (1)
As can be observed in Table 5, the most used method University of Ulsan (1)
for developing optical tissue phantoms by 3D printing Germany Max Planck Gesellschaft (1)
is spin coating, mainly because this process enables Siemens AG (2)
the creation of multilayered structures with micron- China Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Tech. (1)
thick layers, such as biological tissues [49] . In contrast, Taishan Medical University (1)

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