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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting for organoid-derived EVs

technologies are inkjet bioprinting, laser-assisted intestinal organoids, demonstrating its potential for
bioprinting, photocuring bioprinting, and extrusion-based generating complex tissue structures while maintaining
bioprinting (Figure 2B). Each of these technologies offers high cell viability. 32,51,52 The technique involves a three-
distinct advantages and challenges for organoid fabrication. part process consisting of a donor-slide (or ribbon),
A comparison of different bioprinting technologies for a laser pulse, and a receiver-slide, enabling the gentle
printing organoids is provided in Table 1. deposition of biomaterials to preserve cell viability. One
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Inkjet bioprinting is widely used for high-throughput of the key advantages of laser-assisted bioprinting is its
applications that require detailed structures, such as small, ability to accommodate various cell types and bioinks,
intricate organoids and high-throughput drug screening which enhances its applicability in tissue engineering and
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models. 43,44 This process utilizes a thermal or piezoelectric regenerative medicine. Despite its advantages, laser-
actuator to generate droplets of the bioink consistently. 45,46 assisted bioprinting faces several limitations that may
The technique allows for the deposition of droplets smaller hinder its widespread adoption. One significant challenge
than 50 μm in a non-contact manner with high resolution, is the restricted range of compatible biomaterials, which
maintaining high cell viability due to low shear stress limits the diversity of constructs that can be produced
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during droplet ejection. 47,48 Inkjet bioprinting is used to using this technique. Moreover, the high equipment costs
create detailed tissue models for drug testing and studies associated with laser-assisted bioprinting setup make it not
involving sensitive cells, such as embryonic stem cells. only a complex but also a potentially expensive technology
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However, challenges such as bioink viscosity control and to implement, posing a barrier to its accessibility for
susceptibility to clogging exist, limiting its application with researchers and institutions looking to adopt bioprinting
certain tissue types. 49 technologies.
Laser-assisted bioprinting is an innovative technology Extrusion-based bioprinting is versatile and scalable,
that utilizes laser beams to precisely deposit biomaterials making it suitable for producing large and robust tissue
onto substrates, eliminating the need for nozzles constructs, including various organoid models. 55,56 This
commonly used in traditional bioprinting methods. This technique extrudes bioinks as discontinuous filaments
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approach enhances printing resolution and cell viability, using a pneumatic piston or screw mechanism, enabling
making it suitable for applications requiring high precision the construction of complex 3D structures layer by layer.
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and intricate cellular arrangements, such as the creation The versatility of extrusion-based bioprinting lies in the
of detailed tissue constructs and organoids. Laser-assisted ability to use a variety of bioinks with different viscosities.
bioprinting was used to successfully fabricate liver and This makes it suitable for producing large, complex

Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of bioprinting techniques for organoid printing.
Printing method Key aspects Advantages Disadvantages Ref.
Inkjet-based High-throughput; • High throughput • Nozzle clogging 37–39
bioprinting drug screening; • Low shear stress • Viscosity limitations
creating detailed • Low cost • Shear force stress
tissue models; • High resolution • Limited to certain tissue types
sensitive cell printing • Multiple materials
Laser-assisted High-precision; • High cell densities • High cost 39–41
bioprinting suitable for applications requiring • High cell viability • Complex setup
high cell viability • Versatility • Material limitations
• Nozzle-free • UV-induced DNA damage
Extrusion-based Creating large and robust tissue • Scalability • High shear stress 41
bioprinting constructs; • Mechanical strength • Low resolution
fabricating liver, • Versatility • Viscosity management
kidney, and intestinal organoids • Multiple biomaterials form separate
nozzles
Photocuring Creating complex, • High speed • Material constraints 42
bioprinting high-resolution structures; • High resolution • Costly equipment
creating organoid • Nozzle-free • Layer limitations
scaffolds and detailed • Supports complex structures • UV-induced DNA damage
tissue models
Abbreviation: UV, ultraviolet.

Volume 10 Issue 5 (2024) 101 doi: 10.36922/ijb.4054