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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting for organoid-derived EVs

genome editing in correcting disease-associated genetic Researchers have made significant progress in
defects. 75,76 These advances highlight the important role creating artificial vascular networks using bioprinting
of PDOs in precision medicine and provide a platform techniques, enabling the generation of intricate tissue
to study disease progression, genetic disorders, and structures. 78 Additionally, innovative bioprinting
personalized treatment strategies. approaches have been developed to transfer spheroids
into self-healing support hydrogels at high resolution,
2.3.2. 3D bioprinting of patient-derived organoids allowing for the precise manipulation of single spheroids
PDOs have become essential in advancing precision and organoids. The development of aspiration-assisted
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medicine, particularly in tumor immunology studies. bioprinting and multi-material bioprinters has improved
These 3D tissue cultures have enabled the successful the precision and versatility of bioprinting, enabling the
propagation of human tumor biopsies in vitro, enhancing construction of high-cell density and heterogeneous
our comprehension of the tumor microenvironment tissue models. 80,81 Moreover, the utilization of bioinks
and genetics. However, conventional PDO models face containing nanoparticles has enhanced the mechanical
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several challenges. While most tumor PDOs replicate strength and functionality of bioprinted tissues,
the genetic composition of the parental tumor in early supporting the long-term expansion and improved drug
passages, the extent of genetic drift or the proportion of testing of organoids. Furthermore, the incorporation
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genetically stable cells in later passages remains unclear. of organoid-forming stem cells into centimeter-scale
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Additionally, the lack of endogenous tumor-associated tissues through bioprinting has facilitated studies on
stromal components is another significant limitation of organ development, disease progression, and potential
current organoid methods. therapeutic interventions. 83 Temperature-controlled
Recent advances in 3D bioprinting have shown printing platforms have been utilized to enhance cell
promising advancements to address these challenges. viability and successfully fabricate complex tissue
Table 2 summarizes and compares the notable structures, showcasing the potential of 3D printing
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advancements. 3D bioprinting techniques enable precise technology in tissue engineering. These advancements
layering of cells, biomaterials, and biochemical factors, not only support the long-term expansion and improved
facilitating the creation of complex tissue structures that drug testing of PDOs but also enable the recapitulation of
closely resemble in vivo environments. This technology the real structure and function of organoids, addressing
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can play pivotal roles in overcoming issues in organoid critical challenges faced by conventional PDO models.
construction, including incorporating vascular structures, The advancements in 3D bioprinting have opened new
immune cells, achieving precise spatial architecture, and horizons in disease modeling and precision medicine.
scaling up to tissue sizes. Researchers have successfully developed patient-specific

Table 2. Advances and innovations of 3D bioprinting.

Technique Advancement Significance Ref.
Vascular network bioprinting Creation of intricate tissue structures Enables generation of complex vascularized tissues, improving 78
using bioprinting tissue engineering outcomes
Precise spheroid manipulation Transfer of spheroids into self-healing Allows precise manipulation of spheroids and organoids, 79
hydrogels at high resolution creating high-cell density, heterogeneous models
Aspiration-assisted bioprinting Enhanced precision and versatility in Improves precision and versatility of bioprinting, constructing 80
biofabrication high-cell density, heterogeneous models
Multi-material bioprinting Simultaneous printing of multiple cell Creates heterogeneous tissue structures, enhancing the 81
types complexity of bioprinted models
Nanoparticle-enhanced bioink Development of bioinks containing Increases mechanical strength and functionality of tissues, 82
printing nanoparticles supporting long-term expansion and improved drug testing
Large-scale tissue bioprinting Printing of organoid-forming stem cells Facilitates studies on organ development, disease progression, 83
to form large tissues and therapeutic interventions
Temperature-controlled Use of temperature-controlled printing Successfully fabricates complex tissue structures, 84
bioprinting to enhance cell viability demonstrating the potential of 3D printing in tissue
engineering
Abbreviation: 3D, three-dimensional.

Volume 10 Issue 5 (2024) 103 doi: 10.36922/ijb.4054