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International Journal of Bioprinting Liver printing: from structure to application

Figure 1. Schematic diagram on liver manufacturing. The figure was created using BioRender (BioRender.com).

triggered by factors, such as partial hepatectomy or liver transition from the G phase to the S phase. Other factors,
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injury. Enteric factors in the liver, such as lipopolysaccharide such as hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), amphiregulin,
(LPS), are upregulated and reach the liver through the triiodothyronine (T3), bone morphogenetic protein-7
portal vein. They activate non-parenchymal liver cells, (BMP-7), and Wnt/β-catenin, also mediate the liver’s
including Kupffer cells and stellate cells, and upregulate regenerative response, allowing hepatocytes to bypass cell
the expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and cycle checkpoints to initiate DNA synthesis and hepatocyte
interleukin-6 (IL-6). These signals prompt hepatocytes to proliferation. Additionally, transforming growth factor β

Volume 10 Issue 5 (2024) 122 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3819