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International Journal of Bioprinting Liver printing: from structure to application

Figure 3. Liver regeneration. (A) The kinetics of liver regeneration in the rat after a two-thirds PHx. The hepatocyte DNA labeling index (H DNA)
increases within 15 h and peaks at approximately 40% at 24 h. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (L DNA) and cholangiocytes (C DNA) enter DNA synthesis
later than hepatocytes. Hepatocyte proliferation is essentially completed within 96 h, and the preoperative liver weight is restored within 10 days. (B) A
wide range of cytokines and growth factors have been implicated in mediating the liver’s regenerative response. Adapted with permission from Alison
et al. Abbreviations: BMP-7, bone morphogenetic protein-7; C DNA, Cholangiocyte DNA; DNA, hepatocyte DNA; EGFR, epidermal growth factor
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receptor; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; L DNA, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell DNA; IGF-1, Insulin like growth factor-1; IL-6, Interleukin-6; PHx,
partial hepatectomy; SCF, stem cell factor; SOCS3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α; T3, Triiodothyronine; TGF-β,
transforming growth factor β; YAP, Yes-associated protein.

synthesis genes (GGTA1, CMAH, and β4GalNT2) to prevent rejection, maintains normal blood flow, and secretes
hyperacute rejection. Additionally, the overexpression of approximately 200 mL of bile daily. The primary challenges
complement regulatory proteins (hCD46, hCD55, and in xenotransplantation include achieving long-term
hCD59), coagulation inhibition proteins (hTBM, hCD39, survival and further reducing immune rejection. Currently,
hEPCR), and immune cell recognition markers (hCD47) patients receiving xenotransplants typically survive for
effectively mitigates acute humoral rejection, inhibits around 2 months. 61
thrombosis, and reduces post-transplant inflammatory Hepatocyte transplantation presents another promising
responses and immune cell activation-related rejection. approach, where healthy hepatocytes are transplanted
The patient has not experienced hyperacute or acute into the patient’s liver to treat metabolic liver diseases

Volume 10 Issue 5 (2024) 125 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3819