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International Journal of Bioprinting Liver printing: from structure to application

Figure 4. Representation of current in vitro liver tissue culture and engineering platforms. (A) Schematic diagram of the bioartificial liver system. Plasma
filter 1 was used to separate plasma from blood to the plasma circuit; plasma filter 2 served as an immunoprotective barrier. (B) Heatmap of hepatic
functional gene expression after transcription factor transfection (left; n = 3); bright-field microscopic images of the morphology of iHepLPCs-FOXA3
observed using an inverted microscope (right); scale bar: 50 μm. Adapted with permission from Li et al. (C) Mouse liver progenitor cells three days after
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embedment in Matrigel (MG), plain poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and functionalized PEG with the indicated extracellular matrix (ECM) components:
collagen IV (COL.IV), fibronectin (FN), laminin-1 (LAM-1), and RGD-representing peptide (RGD) (left); quantification of organoid formation efficiency
relative to the panel (right). (D) Liver organoid immunostaining of Epcam, Krt19, and Sox9 was performed 6 days after embedment of liver progenitor
cells in Matrigel or PEG-RGD. Adapted with permission from Sorrentino et al. (E) Schematic of the liver-on-a-chip. (F) Representative images of CLF,
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BSEP, and CDFDA after 30 μM bosentan (Bos) treatment versus vehicle control (Con) for 7 days in the chips. Adapted with permission from Jang et al.
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Abbreviations: BSEP, bile salt export pump; CDFDA, 5(6)-carboxy-2ʹ,7ʹ-dichlorofluorescein diacetate; CLF, cholyl-lysyl-fluorescein; DAPI, 4',6-diamidino-
2-phenylindole; E-cad, E-cadherin; Epcam, epithelial cell adhesion molecule; Krt19, Keratin 19; LSEC: Liver sinusoidal endothelial cell; Sox9, SRY (sex-
determining region Y)-box 9. Figure 4C: scale bar 100 μm; Figure 4F: scale bar 20 μm.

also exhibited partial metabolic and secretory functions. formation (iPSC-LB). Human iPSC-LB shares similarities
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Moreover, multiple research teams have developed liver with E10.5 mouse liver buds and rapidly establishes
organoids consisting of various cell types. Takebe et al. used connections with the host vasculature within 48 h post-
a combination of iPSC-derived hepatoblasts, mesenchymal transplantation. Wu et al. induced iPSC co-differentiation
stem cells, and endothelial cells to simulate liver bud into hepatocytes and cholangiocytes to construct liver-

Volume 10 Issue 5 (2024) 127 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3819