Page 230 - IJB-10-5

International Journal of Bioprinting Effect of ingredient flow speed

Figure 3. Effect of nozzle geometry on (A) time taken for extrusion, (B) mass of mashed potato (MP) food ink extruded, and (C) mass flow rate of
food inks.

the MP food inks was relatively constant at 0.57 when the speed does not affect the extrusion rate in dot volume
extruded volume was greater than 20 mL. Therefore, the extrusion.
geometry of the nozzle affects the food extrusion process
but only at low-volume extrusion. The 4.0-mm nozzle 3.3. 3D printing using model extrusion
was subsequently used throughout this research unless 3.3.1. Effect of printing speed on the width of the
specified otherwise. printed line
3.2.2. Effect of ingredient flow speed on extrusion time One of the main objectives of this paper is to study the
To determine if there was any effect of the printing effects of the control parameter on the print resolution.
process parameters on the extrusion time, dot extrusion One of the said parameters is the printing speed, which
experiments were conducted with different printing process refers to the speed of the nozzle head on the horizontal
parameters. When dot extrusion occurs at a fixed point axis. Results revealed that at constant ingredient flow
(i.e., the center of the dish without translational movement speed, there were some variations between the printing
in the x- and y-axes), the printing speed is considered zero. speed in the Foodini advanced user settings and the actual
However, it was discovered that ingredient flow speed printing speed (Table 2). The printing speed displayed in
does not affect the printing time, albeit printing speed is a Foodini was significantly higher compared to the actual
variable in Equation (IX) (discussed later). This is evident printing speed. One possible reason is that the slicer in the
from the experimental results (Figure 4), where the time Foodini Creator hub uses the speed acquired directly from
taken for each material extrusion at each dot volume (1–50 the electric motor, which considers other functions of the
mL) was the same at different ingredient flow speeds (Table printer, thereby resulting in a higher printing speed. Despite
S2, Supporting Information). One possible reason for this the differences in printing speed, the effect of printing
occurrence is that dot extrusion does not require slicing, speed on the resolution was still studied as the actual
thereby suggesting that the printing process parameters printing speed would increase when the printing speed in
do not affect the extrusion process. Thus, ingredient flow Foodini increases. In Figure 5A and B, the average width
of the 3D-printed line remained relatively constant at 4.4

Volume 10 Issue 5 (2024) 222 doi: 10.36922/ijb.2787