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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting for nanoparticle evaluation

9. Three-dimensional bioprinted drug significantly enhanced fibroblast viability and provided
release model protection against oxidative stress, with optimal results at
specific MH loading concentrations.
The evaluation of drug release profiles and their impact on
cellular environments is crucial for developing effective Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to
therapeutic strategies. 116–118 This section explores various visualize the internal microstructure and distribution of the
methodologies used to study drug release from NP- MH-DS NPs within the GelMA matrix. The NPs formed
based systems within 3D-bioprinted models. Advanced clusters within the GelMA network, ranging in size from 50
bioprinting techniques enable the creation of complex in to 120 nm. The controlled release profile was attributed to the
vitro environments that closely mimic in vivo conditions. interactions between the MH-DS complexes and the charged
Specifically, 3D bioprinting excels in replicating cell-cell networks within the GelMA, which facilitated sustained
and cell-matrix interactions, allowing for more accurate release by reducing the initial burst effect observed with
assessments of NP drug release and cellular responses. 119–121 directly mixed MH (Figure 9B). The study conducted by Fu
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These studies highlight the importance of optimizing et al. showcases the versatility and efficacy of GelMA bioinks
bioprinting parameters and materials to advance preclinical in 3D bioprinting applications. The ability to control the release
drug testing and therapeutic applications. kinetics of MH through NP encapsulation and optimize
printing parameters for high cell viability underscores the
9.1. GelMA bioinks for evaluating nanoparticle- potential of this approach for developing advanced in vitro
based minocycline release and cellular protection models for cancer research and NP evaluation. The findings
Fu et al. conducted a study utilizing bioinks to develop indicate that GelMA-based bioprinted constructs can provide
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a 3D-bioprinted model for evaluating the release and a more accurate representation of the in vivo environment,
protective effects of minocycline (MH)-loaded NPs under thus improving the reliability of preclinical evaluations of
oxidative stress conditions. This research underscores the NP-based therapies. 123
significant potential of 3D bioprinting in creating in vitro
models that closely mimic the in vivo environment for more 10. Three-dimensional bioprinting in tissue
accurate NP evaluation. The study focused on leveraging engineering and regenerative medicine
the thermoresponsive and photocrosslinking properties of
GelMA to create a suitable bioink for extrusion bioprinting. The field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine
The primary challenge addressed was the time- and has experienced significant advancements, particularly
temperature-dependent flow behavior of GelMA, which through the integration of nanotechnology and 3D
affects its printability and cell viability. By optimizing the bioprinting. These innovations have paved the way for
extrusion printing process, the researchers successfully the development of complex, functional tissues and
printed GelMA constructs with high fidelity and cell survival organs that can potentially replace damaged or diseased
rates. They determined the optimal GelMA concentrations ones. 124,125 Nanoparticles have become a cornerstone in this
and printing conditions to achieve this balance. field due to their unique properties, such as high surface
area, tunable size, and the ability to carry therapeutic
Minocycline, known for its anti-inflammatory and agents. When combined with 3D bioprinting, NPs can
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neuroprotective properties, was incorporated into dextran be precisely incorporated into biocompatible scaffolds,
sulfate (DS)-based NPs (MH-DS complexes) to overcome enhancing their structural and functional capabilities.
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the issues of burst release and lack of sustained drug This synergy between nanotechnology and bioprinting
delivery commonly seen with direct MH incorporation. not only improves the efficacy of tissue regeneration but
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The MH-DS complexes were then encapsulated within also allows for the creation of customized, patient-specific
the GelMA bioink (Figure 9A). The resulting 3D-printed implants and wound dressings. 128–130 The ongoing research
constructs demonstrated significantly reduced initial focuses on optimizing the synthesis and functionalization
burst release and prolonged drug release over several of NPs, developing novel bioinks, and refining bioprinting
days, as compared to directly mixed MH in GelMA. The techniques to achieve better integration and performance
researchers utilized a dual-nozzle extrusion bioprinter of engineered tissues.
to create a two-layered in vitro model. The bottom layer
consisted of fibroblasts printed with 5% GelMA, while 10.1. Bioprinted hydrogel scaffolds for evaluating
the top layer was printed with 10% GelMA containing the the efficacy of catechol-functionalized nanoparticles
MH-DS complexes. This model was subjected to oxidative in wound healing
stress using hydrogen peroxide to simulate cellular damage. Puertas-Bartolomé et al. 131 developed catechol-
The study found that the released MH from the NPs functionalized NPs and applied them in 3D bioprinting

Volume 10 Issue 5 (2024) 21 doi: 10.36922/ijb.4273