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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D-printed PCL-MNP multifunctional scaffolds

incorporating growth factors, which enhance cell viability Other than their use in non-invasive cancer
but come at the cost of limited shelf-life. In addition to management, they are increasingly being employed for
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tissue regeneration, these scaffolds also serve as delivery enhancing bone tissue regrowth. There is evidence to
platforms for drugs and other therapeutic agents to treat suggest that a magnetic field stimulus aids the bone tissue
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diseases such as cancer via hypothermia treatment. The regeneration process as a result of its osteoinductive
3D microenvironment provided by these scaffolds seeks properties. 18,19 This works by using the magnetic field to
to mimic the native tissue microenvironment, which activate specific cell receptors and corresponding signaling
subsequently facilitates cell proliferation and tissue in- pathways, which increases overall cell activity and serves
growth and is ideal for localized delivery of drugs at the as a modulator for tissue regeneration in the body. 20–23
target site. Magnetic field stimulation for tissue engineering can be
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utilized for both soft and hard tissues, including cartilage,
One particular class of bioactive agents that has muscle tissues, and bone tissues. Paun et al. observed
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caught the attention of researchers and is increasingly that upon the application of a static magnetic field,
being investigated is magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) proliferated and were
These particles can be placed in an alternating magnetic influenced to differentiate into osteogenic-type cells. Jia
field (AMF) to promote hyperthermia treatment and aid et al. demonstrated that mesoporous silica-coated MNPs
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bone regeneration. Hence, MNPs provide an excellent (M-MSNs) enhance bone tissue regrowth in a rat model,
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basis for the creation of multi-functional scaffolds. While suggesting their use for clinical purposes. They validated
several different kinds of MNPs exist, such as iron oxide their findings through a series of tests, including imaging,
nanoparticles (IONPs), magnesioferrite nanoparticles, histological, and immunohistochemical examination.
copper IONPs, manganese-based nanoparticles, and Wu et al. found that low doses of Fe O nanoparticles,
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3
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cobalt-based nanoparticles, the vast majority of the in conjunction with a magnetic field, led to osteogenesis
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research deals specifically with magnetic IONPs. This is enhancement induced by stem cell exosomes. Jasemi et al.
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due to the beneficial biological properties of iron oxide, fabricated composite calcium and zirconium scaffolds
such as its biocompatibility and low toxicity, in addition to with 5–15 wt% MNPs; they observed a positive correlation
the fact that it is the only metal-based nanoparticle cleared with respect to the scaffold modulus and the growth of an
for clinical use by the United States (US) Food and Drug apatite layer on the scaffold. Zhao et al. produced chitosan
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Administration (FDA). While several researchers have and collagen composite scaffolds, incorporated with nano-
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utilized modified magnetic IONPs to achieve their goals, hydroxyapatite and Fe O nanoparticles, and implanted
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the base material remains iron oxide. Diaz et al. doped them in vivo using a rat skull model. They found that these
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their MNPs with nanohydroxyapatite to enhance osteoblast composite scaffolds displayed greater tissue compatibility
adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Cojocaru and bone regrowth compared to the control set.
et al. fabricated a novel magnetic scaffold by combining Despite the growing interest in MNPs, targeting them
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biopolymers, like chitosan and gelatin, with MNPs to at the critically sized defect in the bone and/or using
enhance cell adhesion, migration, and osteoconductivity in them as agents of drug delivery remains a challenge.
vivo. Li et al. used magnetic graphene oxide in composite Hence, 3D-printed platforms are utilized to better achieve
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polymeric scaffolds to exploit their thermal attributes for these objectives. Zhang et al. fabricated an additively
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effective tumor treatment. Despite their advantageous manufactured composite scaffold made from bioactive
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biological and mechanical properties, it is their magnetic glass, polycaprolactone (PCL), and MNPs. The PCL
attributes that have attracted the attention of researchers provided a biocompatible matrix and was also responsible
for use in drug delivery systems and non-invasive for providing an adequate surface for cell adhesion and
tumor management. MNPs can possess diamagnetic, growth. The 3D-printed scaffold was found to satisfy
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paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic properties depending the dual goal of sustained drug release and exhibiting
on their susceptibility to the application of an AMF. When greater osteogenic activity. Dankova et al. used the
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these nanoparticles are placed in an AMF, it creates a electrospinning technique to create PCL and MNP
dipole moment, which is aligned in the direction of the nanofibrous scaffolds. These composite scaffolds were
field for paramagnetic particles and opposite to the field biocompatible and also supported MSC proliferation and
in the case of diamagnetic particles. When the particle osteogenic differentiation. De Santis et al. 3D printed a
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size of these nanoparticles is below 30 nm, they exhibit a PCL and iron-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticle scaffold
superparamagnetic effect, which essentially allows each and tested them in vitro and in vivo. While the in vitro
particle to possess its respective local magnetic field, analysis reported enhanced cell growth, the in vivo rabbit
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driving interaction at the cell-scaffold interface. model displayed excellent bone growth within just 4 weeks.
Volume 10 Issue 6 (2024) 392 doi: 10.36922/ijb.4538