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Composite Bioprinting for Bio-fabrication

Figure 3. Manufacture of bioconstructs using the composite forming process of cell printing and hybrid additive/subtractive manufacturing.
This example shows the preparation of personalized perfusable cardiac patches and cellularized human heart using multi-head extrusion
[64]
printing of autologous stem cells and acellular matrix (from ref. licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license).
field and the photocuring mask projection process so that “5D” printing method. By integrating the printhead with
the modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (mwcnt-s) component mixing function as well as rotating magnetic
embedded in the photosensitive resin could be controllably field in the extrusion printing system, the composite
arranged by the electric field imposed. The tensile test system allowed additional control over component
shows that the arrangement of mwcnt-s will produce concentration and orientation of magnetic particles, which
anisotropic elastic modulus, which is higher in the realized the printing of the structures with anisotropic
direction parallel to mwcnt-s, but lower in the vertical one. texture arrangement (Figure 4B) ; Kim et al. added
[68]
Using this approach, a reinforced artificial meniscus with a magnetic coil around the extrusion printing nozzle to
carbon nanotubes aligned in the circumferential and radial achieve the desired orientation of ferromagnetic particles
directions was fabricated . Chansoria et al. developed an contained in the materials. This method could pattern
[65]
ultrasound-assisted bio 3D printing technology that used the magnetic polarity of the printed filament so that fast
the standing bulk acoustic wave produced by an ultrasonic transformations between complex 3D structures through
alignment chamber around the printing platform to arrange magnetic actuation could be realized .
[69]
the cells in the printed structure to construct single or multi-
layer anisotropic cell structure (Figure 4A) . Kirillova 3. 3D composite bioprinting system
[66]
et al. performed two-dimensional extrusion printing with
methacrylated alginate or methacrylated hyaluronic acid With the continuous development of 3D printing
on the glass substrate. By taking advantage of the photo- technology for biological purposes, the research of
crosslinking gradient between the upper and lower surface bio-CAD/CAM/3D printing forming system is also
of the structure, the printed film would have a self-folding progressing. However, it should be pointed out that most
behavior to form a tubular structure of which the internal of the early research on biological manufacturing is based
diameter could achieve as low as 20 µm . on commercial 3D printers, and some commercial CAD/
[67]
Thus, it can be observed that multi-physics field CAM software has been widely used. The representative
control has unique advantages in improving printing software includes Makerbot proposed by Makerbot,
flexibility. Although some studies have not yet been which is a slicing software customized for Makerbot
applied in the field of biological manufacturing, it can printer; Xbuilder of Xery 3D printing technology, a
be predicted from the latest technical characteristics Chinese software supporting STL, G-Code, obj, and other
analysis that these methods will provide new solutions formats; Cura developed by Ultimaker, which has a high
for biological manufacturing. Kokkinis et al. proposed a degree of integration and the best support for Ultimaker’s

12 International Journal of Bioprinting (2021)–Volume 7, Issue 1