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Zhang, et al.

Figure 5. Software composition and model information processing flow of the bio-computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing/3D
composite printing system.

Table 1. Current efforts toward 3D composite bioprinting
Combined processes Main characteristics References
Phase transition through Extrusion printing Improve the mechanical properties and biocompatibility [21,22]
temperature gradient of the printed construction at the same time
Ionic crosslinking Extrusion printing Provide more fabrication flexibility by controlling ion [27-30]
diffusion and material extrusion speed; perform cell
printing under room temperature; effectively construct
vessels like microchannels
Electrohydrodynamics Extrusion printing Fabricate scaffolds with good mechanical properties [37,38,43-45]
and large scales, and the structure can mimic natural
extracellular matrix on the micro-nano scale; effectively
prepare the scaffolds with a multiscale pore structure
Cell printing Hybrid additive/ Construct vascularized bio constructs with certain [62-64]
subtractive mechanical strength and complex microstructure
manufacturing
Physical field control Extrusion printing Improve printing flexibility, especially with [65-69]
environmentally responsive intelligent materials;
regulate materials and cells in the printing process

composite bioprinting is a combination of two or more regulation that can regulate filaments or cells during or
printing processes, and it may often involve physical field after printing.

International Journal of Bioprinting (2021)–Volume 7, Issue 1 15