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REVIEW ARTICLE

           The Role of 3D-Printed Phantoms and Devices for

           Organ-specified Appliances in Urology


           Natanael Parningotan Agung *, Muhammad Hanif Nadhif         2,3,† , Gampo Alam Irdam ,
                                                                                                1
                                         1,†,
           Chaidir Arif Mochtar 1
           1 Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine/Ciptomangunkusumo Central Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta,
           Indonesia
           2 Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
           3 Medical Technology Cluster, Indonesian Medical Education and Research Institute, Jakarta, Indonesia
           † These authors contributed equally to this work.

           Abstract: Urology is one of the fields that are always at the frontline of bringing scientific advancements into clinical practice,
           including 3D printing (3DP). This study aims to discuss and presents the current role of 3D-printed phantoms and devices
           for  organ-specified  applications  in  urology. The  discussion  started  with  a  literature  search  regarding  the  two  mentioned
           topics within PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and EBSCOhost databases. 3D-printed urological organ phantoms are reported for
           providing residents new insight regarding anatomical characteristics of organs, either normal or diseased, in a tangible manner.
           Furthermore, 3D-printed organ phantoms also helped urologists to prepare a pre-surgical planning strategy with detailed
           anatomical models of the diseased organs. In some centers, 3DP technology also contributed to developing specified devices
           for disease management. To date, urologists have been benefitted by 3D-printed phantoms and devices in the education and
           disease management of organs of in the genitourinary system, including kidney, bladder, prostate, ureter, urethra, penis, and
           adrenal. It is safe to say that 3DP technology can bring remarkable changes to daily urological practices.

           Keywords: 3D printing; Phantoms; Devices; Urology

           *Correspondence to: Natanael Parningotan Agung, Department of Urology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia; naeluro@hotmail.com
           Received: December 29, 2020; Accepted: February 15, 2021; Published Online: March 25, 2021
           Citation: Agung NP, Nadhif MH, Irdam GA, et al., 2021, The Role of 3D-printed Phantoms and Devices for Organ-specified
           Appliances in Urology. Int J Bioprint, 7(2):333. http://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v7i2.333

           1. Introduction                                     pharmaceutical  products .  3DP  technology  also  offers
                                                                                    [8]
                                                               significant advantages and potentials, which may facilitate
           Improvements  and  innovations  in  3D  printing  (3DP)   a patient-specific treatment planning . Even further, this
                                                                                             [9]
           technology have influenced wide applications, including   technology  branched  into  3D  bioprinting,  which  aims
           aerospace , automotive , and medicine . In aerospace,   to  pattern  and  assemble  living  and  non-living  material
                   [1]
                                             [3]
                               [2]
           3DP is used to optimize a material structural component   transfer processes to produce bioengineered structures .
                                                                                                            [10]
           topologically  and  reduces  the  element  stiffness,  which   In  practice,  3D  bioprinting  commonly  combines  living
           could  reduce  its  weight  or  volume  and  benefitted  the   cells,  extracellular  matrices  (ECM),  and  polymeric
           aerospace design process, respectively . Meanwhile, 3DP   scaffolds  as  artificial  organs  for  tissue  engineering  and
                                          [1]
           in automotive industries is applied for tooling up a stamping   regenerative medicine purposes [10,11] .
           process for producing body panels. This approach enables   In  surgeries,  a  thorough  anatomical  understanding
           the manufacturing of stamping inserts using similar high   of  the  targeted  organ  must  be  obtained  preoperatively  to
           performance alloy steel as in conventional tooling without   achieve  a  suitable  surgical  strategy.  Such  essential  step
           losing tool mechanical properties .                 was  often  obtained  from  the  preceding  interpretation  of
                                      [2]
               In  medicine,  3DP  has  been  utilized  to  fabricate   the  conventional  two-dimensional  radiology  imaging .
                                                                                                            [12]
           prosthetics ,  implants [5,6] ,  medical  instruments ,  and   Although 3D visualization of these images might be available,
                    [4]
                                                    [7]
           © 2021 Agung, et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International
           License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
           original work is properly cited.
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