Page 10 - IJB-7-2

The Role of 3DP Phantoms and Devices for Organ-specified Appliances in Urology
Table 1. (Continued)
Organ Case Application 3DP Material Advantage and Limitation References
Technique Efficacy
Urethra Urethral injury Urethral model EM N/A • Understanding • Lack of Joshi and
of PFUI of complex material Kulkarni [71]
anatomies of the information
posterior urethra • Downscale
and other organs model to 80%
of the size
Urethral In vitro tissue Bioprinting • PCL/PLCL • Multilayer of cell • Use of rabbit Zhang
structure engineered • Cell-laden constructs cells, instead et al. [72]
urethral model hydrogel • Good cell of real human
viability cells
• Similarity in
mechanical
properties of
native cells
Urethral Urinary tract EM • Mold: PLA • Mimicking ability • Indirect Ishii et al.
dynamics phantom for • Product: in urethra’s fabrication; [27]
urodynamic PVA cryogel geometric, requiring
investigations mechanical, and mold
hydrodynamic fabrications
characteristics
Penis Penile cancer Penile VP Polycarbonate • Non-invasive • Small sample D’Alimonte
surface mold -like resin ambulatory size for et al. [74]
brachytherapy procedure validation
• Minimal pain
during the
application
Penile Bio-scaffold Bioprinting • PCL • Well-defined • Small sample Yu et al. [75]
reconstruction for tissue • Fibroblast and homogenous size
engineering of cells porous structure • No
penile fibrous of the scaffolds investigation
tissue • Good on the
proliferation and bioavailability
differentiation of of cell-seeded
the cells scaffold in an
in vivo animal
model
Adrenal Adrenalectomy Phantom for VP Translucent • No intra-operative • Status of the Srougi
pre-surgical resin and post-operative study being et al. [76]
planning complications a single case
of partial • Cortisol report
adrenalectomy replacement
initiation right
after surgery

procedure, the duration of exposure to fluoroscopy a safe and precise needle insertion into the stone
radiation, and complications. Golab et al. reported their location. The procedure was completed without any
experience using a customized 3D-printed surgical guide complication .
[46]
made of polylactic acid (PLA) for a PNL procedure. The The size and location of stones are crucial prognostic
guide was designed with a needle insertion path and parameters in estimating the result of endoscopic stone
spinous process projections on its surface to facilitate removal treatment as well as the possibility of spontaneous

6 International Journal of Bioprinting (2021)–Volume 7, Issue 2