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Agung, et al.
A B C D E

Figure 3. 3D printed urological models and devices for disease management: (A) Cancerous kidney model for LPN (from ref. licensed
[49]
under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License), (B) bladder model made using a 3D printed mold (from ref. Lurie K.L,
[75]
Smith G.T, Khan S.A, et al. Three-dimensional, distendable bladder phantom for optical coherence tomography and white light cystoscopy,
Journal of Biomedical Optics 19(3), 036009 (1 March 2014). doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.19.3.036009, (C) navigation template for puncture of
SNS (Reprinted Zhang JZ, Zhang P, Wu LY, et al., Application of an individualized and reassemblable 3D printing navigation template for
accurate puncture during sacral neuromodulation, Copyright © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc , (D) cancerous prostate model (from ref.
[66]
[55]
under a Creative Commons Attribution License), and (E) urethral Meatal dilator (from ref. under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
[76]
International License).
stone passage. In a retrospective study conducted by reported a case of posterior nutcracker syndrome treated
Canat et al., renal stone volumes of 27 PNL patients were with laparoscopic placement of a 3D-printed extravascular
measured using a 3D-printed model. Comparison with stent. Postoperatively, the stent was shown to be safe
the true stone volume showed that renal stone volume with no migration, collapse, or erosion . Subsequently,
[53]
calculation using 3D-printed model provided a more Wang et al. conducted a similar study involving 17
accurate estimation of renal stone volume (Figure 2D) . nutcracker syndrome patients who had been treated with
[47]
extravascular titanium stents. Follow-up examinations
(2) Renal masses showed that none of the patients had complications, side
[54]
Nephron-sparing approach is now routinely used in surgical effects or left renal vein restenosis .
treatment of small renal tumors. A systematic review of 27 5.2. Bladder
studies conducted by Lupulescu et al. showed that the use
of 3D-printed models for pre-operative planning allows (1) Bladder dysfunction
for a greater amount of intraoperative tissue salvage . The sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) has been a convenient
[48]
Fan et al. conducted a retrospective analysis of
127 patients who have experienced 3DP-assisted and therapy for lower urinary tract dysfunction that is poorly
responsive to conventional treatment. Zhang et al.
traditional laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) demonstrated the clinical application of a 3D-printed
with several kidney models (Figure 3A). Complex navigation template for assisting lead implantation
cases in the 3DP-assisted LPN group were reported to on SNS (Figure 3C). The template was designed with
experience significantly shorter warm ischemia time and puncture holes and fixation poles to facilitate secure
less intraoperative blood loss compared to the traditional lead implantation to the closest site possible to the sacral
LPN group . Training with 3DP models has also been nerve. The utilization of this 3D-printed navigation
[49]
reported to provide accurate anatomical guidance on robot- template significantly decreased the amount of sacral
assisted partial nephrectomy procedures and laparoscopic foramina punctures, the puncture time, and the radiation
heminephrectomy in a horseshoe kidney tumor case [50,51] . exposure .
[55]
(3) Renal transplantation Nonetheless, patients with sacral or pudendal nerves
injured or damaged, or patients with degenerated detrusor
Transplant patients often have numerous arterial muscles will not find any benefit from neuromodulation.
calcifications due to their underlying diseases and risk Hassani et al. built a flexible implantable actuator system
factors. A technical note reported by Denizet et al. showed to contract the bladder directly and physically of an
that preoperative 3D-printed models of recipients’ anesthetized rat to achieve on demand micturition. Their
aortoiliac axis may aid the kidney transplant surgeons findings showed that this device may has potential use in
in locating the calcified plaques, thus reducing operating patients with voiding dysfunction .
[56]
time and rate of complications at the anastomosis site .
[52]
(2) Stress urinary incontinence (SUI)
(4) Vascular disease
By compressing the urethra against the pubic symphysis
The interest in 3D-printed surgical instruments for and increasing the pressure of urethral closure, which
intraoperative use has also been developed. Guo et al. simultaneously decreases urinary leakage, pessaries

International Journal of Bioprinting (2021)–Volume 7, Issue 2 7