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Agung, et al.
Table 1. (Continued)
Organ Case Application 3DP Material Advantage and Limitation References
Technique Efficacy
Stress Urinary Pessary EM • Mold: PLA • Anatomically • Small sample Barsky
Incontinence fitting for SUI • Product: compatible size for et al. [57]
patients Silicon pessary validation
elastomer • Indirect
fabrication;
requiring mold
fabrications
Bladder In vitro bladder Bioprinting • Gelatin • More accurate • Lacking Kim
Cancer cancer model methacryloyl drug response extracellular et al. [61]
(GelMA) evaluation matrix, an
• Cells • Opportunity of essential
personalized component
medicine of tumor
biology
Prostate Prostate Prostate tumor VP Resin • Accurate • Small sample Wang
Biopsy model replication size for et al. [63]
of tumor validation
construction,
location, size, and
morphology
• Avoided missed
diagnosis
• Increased rate of
biopsy
Prostatectomy Prostate cancer N/A Resin • Accurate • Small sample Shin
model concordance size for et al. [65]
between the validation
models and the • Lack of 3D
histological index printing
lesion location technique
and extension information
Prostate cancer MJ Resin • More • Small sample Chandak
model comprehensible size for et al. [66]
model compared validation
to MRI
Ureter Ureteral stent Flow PBD Nylon • Comparable flow • Requiring Del Junco
characterization polyether characteristics access sheath et al. [68]
of ureteral DJ block amide between for stent
stents conventional and deployment
3D-printed stents • Lacking
tapered end
of the stent
Vesicoureteral Flap valve MJ Silicon • Stoppage of • Slight Park
reflux on the tip of elastomer backward flow decrease in et al. [69]
anti-reflux forward flow
ureteral stent
Ureteral stone Upper renal N/A N/A • Safe and effective • Lack of 3D Kuroda
calyx model stone removal printing et al. [70]
for ureteral procedure technique
stone removal and material
information
(Contd...)
International Journal of Bioprinting (2021)–Volume 7, Issue 2 5