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A New 3D-Printed LNF Training Model
extra help in using ultrasonic scalpel as well as establishing Authors’ contributions
posterior esophagus tunnel and suture under laparoscope.
However, all participants in the experimental group were Z.W. and M.Y. reviewed related articles and designed
able to finish the ex vivo organ procedure by themselves, the study, Y.Z drafted the article and did the statistics, J.X.
and they scored higher in OSATS and completed the recruited the surgeons and organized the training, J.Z, J.M,
procedure in shorter duration. Interestingly, we found H.C., H.L., X.X., J.P. and X.H. participated in the designing
that the duration of the procedure on ex vivo organs was of the model and modified it into the final edition.
longer than that on 3D-printed model. We speculate that References
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experimental group were performing the procedure on ex
vivo organ. According to the results, the training efficacy 2. Pugliese L, Marconi S, Negrello E, et al., 2018, The Clinical
using 3D-printed model was promising and the model we Use of 3D Printing in Surgery. Updates Surg, 70:381–88.
generated in this study attained a good face validity that https://doi.org/10.1007/s13304-018-0586-5
all experts agreed that this model was vividly constructed 3. Ganguli A, Pagan-Diaz G J, Grant L, et al., 2018, 3D Printing
with anatomic structures seen in a LNF surgery; therefore, for Preoperative Planning and Surgical Training: A Review.
this model is recommended for application in anti-reflux Biomed Microdevices, 20:65.
surgery in the future. 3D-printed models can be reusable
for 20–30 times. Hence, the application of 3D-printed https://doi.org/10.1007/s10544-018-0301-9
models incurs lower costs compared to the application of 4. Yap YL, Sing SL, Yeong WY, 2020, A Review of 3D Printing
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the participants of this study to learn more about their 7. Jin Z, Li Y, Yu K, et al., 2021, 3D Printing of Physical Organ
LNF performances in clinical practice.
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6. Conclusion (Weinh), 8:e2101394.

Through this study, we manufactured a new https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202101394
3D-printed model that mimics the anatomical details 8. Li X, Liu B, Pei B, et al., 2020, Inkjet Bioprinting of
of patient and manifests similar mechanical properties. Biomaterials. Chem Rev, 120:10793–833.
We also showed that the 3D-printed model for Nissen https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00008
fundoplication surgery training could help accelerate the 9. Jiang T, Munguia-Lopez JG, Flores-Torres S, et al., 2019,
learning curves of surgical residents.
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Funding for Biological Model Fabrication. Appl Phys Rev, 6:011310.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5059393
This work was supported by the fund of Subproject
of the Key R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and 10. Ng WL, Lee JM, Zhou MM, et al., 2020, Vat Polymerization-
Technology (2018YFB1107104) and Xinjiang Uygur based Bioprinting-Process, Materials, Applications and
Autonomous Region Regional Cooperative Innovation Regulatory Challenges. Biofabrication, 12(2):022001.
Program (2019E0287). https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ab6034
11. Li WL, Mille LS, Robledo JA, et al., 2020, Recent Advances
Conflict of interest
in Formulating and Processing Biomaterial Inks for Vat
The authors declare no known conflicts of interest. Polymerization-Based 3D Printing. Adv Healthc Mater,

68 International Journal of Bioprinting (2022)–Volume 8, Issue 2