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3D-Printed Artificial Vertebral Body
of the enrolled patients had multi-level or recurrent spinal
KPS 90 100 tumors and presented with pain and limb dysfunction. Our
Follow-up outcome Patient Symptoms satisfaction and signs Yes movement; Recurrence Yes movement; implant following TES is an effective reconstruction
results demonstrated that the use of a 3D-printed spinal
method, with all included patients demonstrating long-
term symptoms relief, with complete resolution of pain
and restoration of spine motion. 3D-printed spinal implant
following TES was safe and reliable, without long-
term surgical complications, for example, 3D-printed

At present, 3D printing techniques mainly include
Follow- up time (months) Free 37 Pain; Free 4 No pain; No recurrence prosthesis subsidence and internal fixation rod loosening.
SLM, electron beam melting (EBM), stereo lithography
appearance, laser engineered net shaping, digital light
processing, fused deposition modeling, and ultraviolet
. Of them, SLM and EBM are the most
molding
[17,18]
Adjuvant treatment after surgery None None commonly used methods for orthopedic implant
manufacturing . Although SLM has low forming
[19]
efficiency and large residual stress as well as requires
secondary heat treatment, it has high forming accuracy,
Length of hospital stay (days) 12 6 in particular, in the formation of precision parts and
complex structures . Therefore, in our study, we used
[20]
SLM technique.
Post-surgery complication No No titanium alloy, porous tantalum metal, and polyether
Materials used in 3D-printing mainly include
ether ketone
. In our study, we used the titanium alloy,
[21-23]
Ti Al V, as it offers many useful advantages. Ti Al V can
6
4
4
6
3D-printed prosthesis implant Failure Failure achieve precise pore size, pore size ratio, and exhibits
excellent mechanical properties thanks to its elastic
modulus and biomechanical compatibility.
The advantages of using titanium alloy, Ti Al V
4
6
include:
Blood transfusion (mL) 1400 1500 (i) High porosity of porous interface. The increased
porosity is conducive to improving the adsorption
capacity of osteoblasts and promoting the ingrowth
of osteocytes. The material and design promote
Blood loss (mL) 1500 1200 (ii) High strength and hardness. It can provide strong
biological fusion and improves stability of the
prosthesis after implantation (Figure 3).
Table 2. Surgery characteristics and follow-up outcomes.
Time of operation (mins) 450 467 (iii) Low elastic modulus. The modulus of elasticity of
fixation for bone defects after orthopedic resection.
titanium most closely approximates cortical bone,
resulting in superior biomechanical compatibility.
Surgical vertebral approach Anterior and posterior approach Anterior and posterior approach Abbreviations: American Society of Anesthesiologists; KPS: Karnofsky performance score include:
The disadvantages of using titanium alloy, Ti6Al4V

Resected numbers 2 3 (i) Unsatisfactory wear resistance. The implanted
prosthesis may wear and collapse over time.
(ii) This alloy contains vanadium, which is toxic to the

ASA grade III II human body to some extent. An alternative material
would be beneficial to reduce the potential vanadium
toxicity.
In our study, the implantation with a 3D-printed
Case number 7 8 prosthesis failed in two patients due to mismatching.
Although the 3D-printed artificial vertebral body is

92 International Journal of Bioprinting (2022)–Volume 8, Issue 3