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International Journal of Bioprinting Review on Hybrid Biomanufacturing Systems

A B

C

[75]
Figure 4. (A) Multi-head tissue/organ building system (MtoBS) , with permission from Institute of Physics Publishing (publisher). (B) Multi-arm
[77]
bioprinter (MABP) , with permission from PERGAMON (publisher). (C) Bioscaffolder.
and even core-shell structure filaments. Schuurman which was irradiated with UV light and visible light during
et al. (2011) used the BioScaffolder to fabricate hybrid and after printing, respectively . The UV light equipped
[82]
constructs by alternate deposition of thermoplastic fibers with RegenHU enabled rapid gelation and gave rise to
and hydrogels . With this system, mechanical stiffness long-term mechanical stiffness. This produced cell-laden
[80]
can be tailored by changing fiber spacing, orientation hydrogel constructs with more open and porous network.
and/or thickness. The achieved Young’s moduli of printed Using the 3D Discovery’s layer-by-layer UV curing system,
constructs are within the same range as those of native Zhuang et al. (2019) built thick cell-laden constructs with
tissues (e.g., cartilage: 4.1 MPa; trachea: 3.33 MPa). high shape fidelity and mechanical properties suitable
Moreover, complex anatomically shaped constructs were for soft tissue engineering applications (Figure 5B). In
[83]
fabricated by co-depositing sacrificial components as addition, hybrid scaffold constructs were printed using
a temporary support for overhanging geometries and the pressure-assisted extruder and screw-assisted extruder
removed after fabrication by immersing the constructs in in 3D Discovery. Visscher et al. (2016) developed a
aqueous solutions. The BioScaffolder was utilized since contraction-free biocompatible PCL/collagen I/III hybrid
it can build 3D objects by the coordinated motion of scaffold (Figure 5C) for ear cartilage tissue engineering .
[84]
several dispensing heads, which deposit on a stationary A PCL cage was printed with the screw-assisted extruder,
platform . and collagen was inserted into the cage using the pressure-
[81]
assisted extruder before the cage printing was completed.
3.2.2. FBSs The biomechanical results showed that the extracellular
FBSs are more advanced and complex systems that combine matrix deposition increased Young’s modulus in the hybrid
different techniques, such as electrospinning (or alternative structures.
electrowriting methods) and post-processing methods, BioFactory (RegenHU, Switzerland) (Figure 5D) is
to enable the fabrication of specifically functionalized, a further iteration of the platform designed to create
complex, multi-material, multi-scale, and hierarchical 3D organomimetic models for tissue engineering. The
tissue constructs. system is a versatile and cell-friendly biomanufacturing
A popular hybrid biomanufacturing system is the 3D system that conbines biomanufacturing, electrospinning
Discovery (RegenHU, Switzerland) (Figure 5A), which and bio stimulation functions in a single unit, allowing
combines screw-assisted extruder, pneumatic-assisted for embedded of cells, biomolecules, a range of soft and
extrusion head, inkjet printing, melt electrospinning writing, rigid biomaterials in 3D composite constructs to simulate
and UV light curing. Extrusion-based biomanufacturing natural environment [85,86] . The control technology at the
with 3D Discovery has produced 30 wt.% GelAGE 1MM (allyl: micro-nano scale is dramatically promoted with various
SH = 1:3, 0.05 wt.% I 959 or 1/10×10 −3 m Ru/SPS in PBS), electrohydrodynamic technologies. A wide range of printing
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Volume 9 Issue 1 (2023) 328 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i1.646