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International Journal of Bioprinting Review on Hybrid Biomanufacturing Systems

Table 2. Summary of hybrid biomanufacturing techniques comprising multi‑dispensing jets or different printing techniques in
fabricating multi‑material gradient scaffolds.
Systems Bioprinters Mechanisms University/company Materials Applications
Multi-head NovoGen MXX 3D Biprinter Dispense pumps with Organovo, USA • Hydrogel, bioinks Bone, liver,
biomanufacturing nozzles (micropipes) breast cancer,
systems vascularization
3D Bioplotter Pneumatic extrusion EnvisionTEC, Germany • PCL, polymer/ Bone, cell-free
ceramics scaffold, food,
• Hydrogel, chocolate
polymer/graphene
• Food gradient
A desktop multi-material Piston extruder, pneumatic Seoul National • Hydrogel Bone blood vessel
biomanufacturing system extruder University of Science • PLGA
and Technology • Hyaluronic acid
• Hemoglobin
Multi-head deposition system Pneumatic extrusion Pohang University of • PCL, PLA, PLGA Bone/cartilage
(MHDS) Science & Technology, • Hydrogel
Republic of Korea
Integrated tissue–organ Pneumatic extrusion Wake Forest Institute • PCL, hydrogel Cartilage, human-scale
printer (ITOP) for Regenerative mandible bone, ear
Medicine, USA and skeletal muscle
Semi-hybrid Multi-arm bioprinter (MABP) Pneumatic extrusion, University of Lowa, • Sodium alginate, Vascularized tissue,
systems mechanical extrusion USA collagen chitosan bone and cartilage
Multi-head tissue/organ Pneumatic extrusion, The Catholic University • PCL, PLGA, Liver, heart and
building system (MtoBS) screw-driven extrusion of Korea, Korea Hydrogel adipose tissue, bone
cartilage
BioScaffolder Piston driven extrusion, Germany • Hydrogel Cartilage, vascular
screw-driven melt extrusion, SYS+ENG • Synthetic polymers tree, human ear
pneumatic extrusion • GelMA‑gellan
Fully-hybrid 3D Discovery Screw-driven melt extrusion, RegenHU • Biopolymers, Bone, cartilage,
systems pneumatic extrusion, UV collagen, polymer/ vascularization
light ceramics, hydrogel,
polymer/graphene
Hybrid inkjet printing/ Micropipe, electrospinning Wake Forest Institute • PCL, fibrin– Muscle, cartilage
electrospinning combined for Regenerative collagen hydrogel,
system Medicine, USA alginate
Plasma-assisted bioextrusion Screw-driven melt extrusion, University of • PCL Bone and cartilage
system (PABS) pneumatic extrusion, Manchester, UK • PCL/CNTs
low-temperature plasma • PCL/HA
surface modification • PCL/TCP
• PCL/Hydrogel
Mixing extrusion Coaxial nozzle Pneumatic extrusion Massachusetts Institute of • CaCl , GelMA Heart-on-a-chip
2
head Technology (MIT), and • Alginate solution
Harvard University, USA
Variable Property Rapid Screw-assisted extrusion Massachusetts Institute of • Biopolymers, Bioengineering
Prototyping (VPRP) Technology (MIT), USA colored resins
Extrusion based gradient AM Motor-driven Linear University of • Hydrogel Simplified anatomical
systems actuators Wollongong, Australia • Polyurethane human muscle
University of tendon, gradient
Manchester, UK scaffold
Jilin University, China

mechanical properties were dramatically improved. First, the original biological properties within the constructs.
chondrocytes survived with more than 80% viability Moreover, the Young’s modulus of the hybrid constructs
1 week after printing, and cells proliferated and maintained (1.76 MPa) is four times higher than alginate only

Volume 9 Issue 1 (2023) 330 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i1.646