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International Journal of Bioprinting Micro/nano-3D hemostats for rapid wound healing

References [229] [186] [230] [231] [232] [233] [234]

Mechanism of action Initiation of contact path- way of blood coagulation cascade, increased coagu- lation factor V activation, fibrin clot stabilization, promotion of factor XI feedback activation by thrombin Hydrogel induced sealing of wound site by wet adhe- sion, higher absorption of RBCs and platelets Accelerated platelet/RBC aggregation, activation of the coagulation cascade RBC aggregation, accel- erated collagen synthesis,

Reported disadvan- tages None Non-glycosylation leads to compro- mised biocompat- ibility Material retention even after 8-weeks post-surgery None - None Hemostasis per- formance in large mammals might be advantageous

Table 4. Comparison between various hemostatic biomaterials with potential application and commercial hemostats

Advantages Hemostatic efficiency similar to fibrin glue Strong tissue adhesion, good injectability, irreg- ular shape filling ability, high performance he- mostasis (outperform- ing fibrin glue), wound healing Faster blood clot forma- tion over commercial hemostats Higher hemostatic efficiency over commer- cial hemostat, robust mechanical property, blood triggered shape memory Higher hemostatic effi- ciency than commercial h

Time to hemostasis <5 minutes <20 seconds Cs-PA-Ca (20 ± 10 seconds, 105 ± 31 seconds), Fibrin sealant (77 ± 26 seconds, 204 ± 58 seconds), Floseal (76 ± 15 sec- onds, 218 ± 46 seconds) <60 seconds - Coagulation up to 95% within 240 seconds IC:XYL:SER:TA-2%: 136.2 ± 14.0 seconds Celox®: 129.4 ± 18.9 seconds

In vivo injury model Mouse liver bleeding model Liver hemorrhage mod- el of SD male rat Rat liver and femoral artery hemorrhage model Rat femoral artery, non-compressive liver puncture injury model Liver punch biopsy model in rats, rabbits, pigs Rat tail amputation model Rat tail amputation model

Hemostat type/com- position Injectable/Hyaluronan conjugate with inor- ganic polyphosphate (HA-PolyP) Injectable/Glycosylated catechol- and glu- cose-grafted poly(L-ly- sine) hydrogel Injectable/Potassium aluminum sulfate (PA) and calcium chloride (Ca) entrapped chitosan based composite hydro- gel (Cs-PA-Ca) Subcutaneous implan- tation/ chitin-glucan composite sponge Chitosan loaded β-cyclodextrin polyester (CDPE-Cs) hydrogel

Reference hemostat (commercial) Fibrin glue Fibrin glue Fibrin sealant and floseal Gelatin sponge Surgicel, Curaspon ChitoGauze®XR and Spongostan TM Celox®

V 371 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i1.648
Volume 9 Issue 1 (2023)olume 9 Issue 1 (2023)