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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D-printed Mg scaffolds promote bone defect repair

degradation products of the Mg alloy scavenged ROS and Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty–Biomedical
reduced oxidative stress. Future research should focus on Materials (shslczdzk06701), 3-year Action Plan of
the effect of hydrogen released by Mg alloy degradation Shenkang Development Center (SHDC2020CR2019B,
on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, the control SHDC2020CR6006-002), Huangpu District Industrial
of hydrogen production rate, and the rational use of the Support Fund (XK2020009) and National Key Science
hydrogen environment to accelerate bone defect repair. and Technology Infrastructure of Translational Medicine
This study had some limitations. First, the specific (Shanghai) Open Project (TMSZ-2020-207), Science
molecular mechanism by which Mg ions and ZA regulate and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality
the osteoblast and osteoclast balance has not been clearly (22YF1422900), Shanghai Engineering Research Center
explored. Second, further exploration in the adjustment of of Innovative Orthopedic Instruments and Personalized
the degradation rate of 3D-printed biodegradable Mg alloy Medicine (19DZ2250200), Shanghai Science and
scaffolds with a ZA-loaded ceramic composite coating, so Technology Commission Yangtze River Delta Science and
that the scaffold degradation rate can accurately match the Technology Innovation Community Project (21002411200),
new bone growth rate, is needed. Key R&D Programs of Ningxia, China (2020BCH01001,
2021BEG02037), and Technical Standard Project of Shanghai
5. Conclusion Science and Technology Commission (21DZ2201500).

The present study focused on the investigation of Conflict of interest
3D-printed biodegradable Mg alloy materials in a bid to
address the clinical problem of osteoporotic bone defects. The authors declare no conflict of interest..
The osteogenic effect of Mg ions and ZA on the inhibition
of osteoclasts was coupled by means of a drug-loaded Author contributions
coating on the surface of Mg-based implants to adjust the Conceptualization: Zhaoyang Ran, Yongqiang Hao
balance of bone formation/resorption and promote the Investigation: Zhaoyang Ran, Yan Wang, Jiaxin Li, Wenyu
repair of osteoporotic bone defects. We prepared a ceramic Xu, Jia Tan, Bojun Cao, Dinghao Luo, Yiwen Ding,
coating loaded with ZA on the surface of 3D-printed Junxiang Wu, Lei Wang, Kai Xie, Liang Deng,
Mg alloy porous scaffolds, which exhibited excellent Penghuai Fu, Xiaoying Sun, Liyi Shi, Yongqiang Hao
hydrophobic and oleophobic properties and excellent Methodology: Zhaoyang Ran, Yan Wang, Jiaxin Li
adhesion. The coating not only significantly reduces the Formal analysis: Liang Deng, Kai Xie
degradation rate of the Mg alloy substrate in vitro but also Writing – original draft: Zhaoyang Ran
provides controlled and slow release of loaded drugs. The Writing – review & editing: Zhaoyang Ran, Liang Deng,
drug-loaded ceramic-coated 3D-printed Mg alloy scaffolds Yongqiang Hao
have the biological function of regulating osteoblast/
osteoclast differentiation. Animal experiments confirmed Ethics approval and consent to participate
that the ceramic coating on the surface of the 3D-printed
Mg alloy scaffolds effectively delayed the degradation rate This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the
in ovariectomized rats, and bone ingrowth and bone defect Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
healing were better in the drug-loaded coating group. This School of Medicine (SH9H-2019-A668-1).
study proved that drug-loaded ceramic-coated 3D-printed
Mg alloy scaffolds have great application prospects in the Consent for publication
field of medical implants and provided a new method for Not applicable.
theoretical research and clinical treatment of functional
material repair in osteoporotic bone defect repair. Availability of data

Acknowledgments Data can be obtained from corresponding author on
reasonable request.
None.
Funding References

The authors thank the funding support from the National 1. Johnell O, Kanis JA, 2006, An estimate of the worldwide
Key R&D Program of China (2022YFC2406000, subproject prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic
2022YFC2406003), General program of National Natural fractures. Osteoporos Int, 17(12): 1726–1733.
Science Foundation of China (81972058, 82202680) and https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-006-0172-4

Volume 9 Issue 5 (2023) 415 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.769